"You mean it was made by the Qing Palace Building Office?" Liu Xu looked carefully with a cup with characters. [+New^^+

"Look, these enamel cups have thicker colors, which makes the patterns look convex and small cracks appear. This is likely to be caused by the direct coloring on the white porcelain.

There are also some enamel porcelains from the Kangxi period, which were directly painted on the Yongle white porcelain plates of Ming Dynasty in the palace. I don’t know if there is any later, but the biggest possibility is the Kangxi period.”

"This cannot prove anything? Even if there is a word on these four cups, it happens to be 'wan', 'long', 'long', 'spring', 'spring', 'something', 'spring', 'something', 'spring', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'something', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a

"During the Kangxi period, there was also a kind of Yixing purple clay painting enamelware, which was now mostly collected in the Forbidden City Museum on the Wandao. It was called "Yi-Xing Fai painting enamel" at that time. Its shapes include holding pots, beam-carrying pots, cover bowls, and cover cups.

Most of the decorative themes are flowers, and some are painted directly on the purple clay body. Some may be considered that the purple clay body is not as delicate and smooth as white porcelain, so they first apply brown color on the body to the ground, and then paint it. The color of brown color not only resembles the color of purple clay, but also enhances the gloss on the surface of the object.

This brown color is only applied to the outer wall of the utensil, but there is no inside the utensil. Do you think the color of this utensil does not look like white? This is purple clay, and this is typical Yi-Xingfei Painting Enamel. And these two cups are the same as the four just now, except for the color of the utensil, the painting method and firing process, so they should all be produced by the utensil." Han Peacock analyzed proudly.

"Don't be so happy, are you? Your statement is too far-fetched. Look, the reserved patterns of these six cups are not the same, even the colors are different. Just these two are different from the inscriptions of the other four." Zhou Meiren, who was always looking at those cups, spoke at this time.

"Sister Zhou is still amazing." Liu Xu said with a chuckle.

Han Peacock looked white with willow catkins and said, "I would never have imagined this? The enamel styles of porcelain paintings in Kangxi were all signed on the outsole of the utensils. Most of them were made of 'Kangxi Imperial' four-character double-line red or blue stamp-style piles, surrounded by two square frames, with thick outer and thin inner lines.

Some are like the purple-ground enamel enamel-colored lotus pattern bottle collected by the Capital Palace Museum. The outsole is printed with the four-character double-line style "Made in Kangxi" and the single-line frame is engraved on the outer side. There are also some artifacts such as the Kangxi-painted enamel lotus pattern diamond-shaped plate (Yongle white porcelain body) collected by the Forbidden Island Palace Museum. Although the outsole is also signed with the four-character double-line red stacking style "Made in Kangxi", the outer side is not a double-frame. Moreover, the double-line circle is thick on the outside, the inner line is thin.

As for the outsole of Yi-Xingfei Painted Enamelware in the Kangxi Dynasty, it is generally a two-line yellow stacked material for the four-character "Kangxi Imperial" with two-line frames on the outer side. Some are like Yi-Xingfei Painted Enamel four-season pattern teapot collected by the Forbidden City Museum. The four-character "Kangxi Imperial" with four-character "Kangxi Imperial" with four-character "Up, Lower, Left and Left" arrangements on the outer side, and the two-line frames on the outer side.

Yi--Xingfei painting enamel is written in yellow enamel, which may be because yellow can contrast sharply with brown. However, if the red or blue material is set off by brown, it is not clear enough, so it is normal for these situations to occur.

You don’t think that these eight cups were made in the same batch, right? These are obviously made up by later generations, so they are so messy, such as this one, which was during the Yongzheng period.”

After Han Peacock said this, Liu Xu and others were stunned. Even Li Xiaoyi, who was not interested just now, came over.

"You said these eight cups were fired at different times?" Li Xiaoyi picked up a cup and asked while looking.

"Of course, you see that this wine glass should be one mentioned in the Qing Palace archives. It should have been fired during the Yongzheng period. Emperor Yongzheng paid more attention to the production of enamel porcelain and put forward quite strict requirements.

In the first year of Yongzheng (17th), with the expansion of staff of the palace construction office and under the leadership of Emperor Yongzheng's most trusted Prince Yi (Yunxiang, the thirteenth brother of Emperor Yongzheng), the production of enamel porcelain was actively carried out in the construction office.

However, according to the records of the Qing Dynasty archives, the production of enamel porcelain was slow before the sixth year of Yongzheng. Emperor Yongzheng was not very satisfied with this. The reason may be that the enamel materials need to rely on Western imports and are of limited quantity. They must be used with caution and must not be damaged incorrectly.

For example, the "Guangdong General Records" Volume 58 of Yongzheng's "Guangdong General Records" records that the Western countries... in May of the fourth year of Yongzheng, envoys were sent to pay tribute... Fourteen pieces of enamel and colored materials of various colors. For example, "Life Files. Qing Files. Miscellaneous Records of Yongzheng Records" records: On February 4, the second year of Yongzheng, Prince Yi handed over five white wine glasses, two of which had a dark dragon. According to the order: This cup of enamel is burned. I am here.

On February 23, two pieces were burned, and the eunuch in charge, Prince Qi Zhiyi. He followed the king's instructions: "The other three pieces are carefully burned. Follow this. On May 18, three white porcelain enamel wine glasses were made, and Prince Yi presented them.

You see, this one is a white-filled enamel flower cup. And there is also a dark dragon inside. Maybe this is what was mentioned in the imperial edict that year, one of the two items containing the dark dragon inside."

"This thing is so few? Even the emperor can't get a few pieces. My brother is really meant this time, and he actually got enough eight pieces for you at once." Li Xiaoyi doesn't care whether these things are a whole set, as long as they are rare, it means that her brother has a big plan this time, so she has a headache.

Han Peacock glanced at Li Xiaoyi and said, "I like these things very much. Even if the conditions proposed are more difficult, it is not a problem."

"Forget it! He can't spoil it. If the question he asked was too much, give him these eight small cups. If you really like it, I'm asking someone to buy some for you." Li Xiaoyi waved his hand and came to the conclusion very decisively.

Han Peacock was speechless. Not everyone could find this enamel color, otherwise he would have introduced and traded a small enamel bowl to someone and would not have earned a large agency fee.

"These eight wine glasses are not cheap. How did Li Xiaowen get them?" Liu Xu asked.

Li Xiaoyi said with a headache: "I don't know either. It seems that I still care less about him."

"Just pay attention. People have sent such a precious enamel wine glass, so there will definitely be no malice, otherwise it would be a big loss." Han Peacock and the others could think that the gift-giver could also think that such a precious set of things would be sent over by Li Xiaowen, which is of course a purpose, but there should be no malice.

"It seems that these people really trapped me in your mind and knew that you wanted these things." Li Xiaoyi did not relax. It was not a good thing for those people to understand Han Peacock so much.

"It's okay, this thing is really rare. As long as the conditions are right, it's still a good deal to exchange it." Han Peacock said.

"I really like it so much?" Li Xiaoyi was really strange this time.

"Of course, didn't I say it? This thing is really rare." Han Peacock briefly introduced the enamel color situation.

There is really little enamel, even in that time, Emperor Yongzheng did not have much. From the memorial of Emperor Yongzheng's noble relatives and important minister Nian Gengyao, you can also understand the firing of enamel porcelain at this time.

For example, "On the ninth day of the second month of the second year of Yongzheng, I went from Yizhai to the imperial court to give two new enamel tubes, two double-eyed feathers and ten single-eyed feathers..."

Regarding these feather tubes, Nian Gengyao said in his thank-you note on February 12: "... I am so proud of the enamel feather tubes, which are exquisitely made and beautiful in color, and I am so envious. I am so kind to me. If there are new enamel objects, I will reward one or two for my greed. I will be so scared that I will be intimidated on February 12, 2nd year of Yongzheng."

On Nian Gengyao's memorial, Emperor Yongzheng circled the red strokes next to the word "回" in the sentence "回" of the sentence "回" "回" and in the blank space of the fold, Emperor Yongzheng's memorial commented: "The enamel objects are still flawless and exquisite, and they will be worthwhile in the future. Now I will give you several items, but if you don't use the word "回" and don't give you any one, you will get these several items, and you will get them all the power of this one word."

Among them, the sentence "The enamel objects are flawless and exquisite, and they will be worthwhile in the future" shows that Emperor Yongzheng is full of confidence in the development of enamel porcelain.

After receiving this reward, Nian Gengyao was rewarded with enamel porcelain one after another on February 30, March 3rd, April 11th, and April 22nd of this year.

For example, on April 24, the second year of Yongzheng, Nian said in a memorial: "On April 22 (Yongzheng's second year), from Yizhai to the imperial enamel tea cups, I kowtowed to collect them. I bowed to this kind of kiln, with beautiful colors and exquisite production, which is not a good product from the previous generations!

Yue Zhongqi led his troops to suppress the thieves on April 15th. After he returned to Ning, I will announce the decree to reward the four people with other thanks. I will give you all the gratitude and thank you very much. I will give you a thank you very much. I will give you a thank you on April 24th, the second year of Yongzheng."

Although Emperor Yongzheng frequently rewarded important officials with enamel porcelain at this time, until the fourth year of Yongzheng, Emperor Yongzheng was not satisfied with the production of enamel porcelain.

As recorded in the Qing Dynasty archives, "On August 19, the fourth year of Yongzheng, the Langzhong Haiwang was ordered: the enamel burned at this time was rough and the patterns were vulgar. You must make it fine in the future. I admire this."

It was not until the sixth year of Yongzheng that with the direct intervention of Emperor Yongzheng, with the success of the Manufacturing Office to refine enamel materials and more and more palace calligraphers and painters participated in the painting and writing of enamel porcelain, the production of enamel porcelain achieved rapid development.

According to the archives of the Craft Office at that time, in the sixth year of Yongzheng, the newly refined enamel materials of the Craft Office included nine colors: moon white, white, yellow, light green, bright green, blue, pine green, bright green, and black.

The new enamel materials include soft white, fragrant color, light pine yellow, lotus root color, light green, sauce color, dark grape color, bronze color, pine yellow color, etc., in total nine styles.

The success of the Manufacturing Office's self-refining enamel materials not only escapes the embarrassment of the production of enamel porcelain due to relying on imported materials, but also the newly added color varieties can also make the enamel painters more comfortable when expressing objects. (To be continued.)
Chapter completed!