Sanzhan and Tong Xiaoyun were very interested in the production... and they saw Zhou Aiwu and the others going to visit.

Actually, there is nothing good to watch. But since you want to see it, let's go there." Fan Wubing couldn't stand their entanglement, so he agreed.

Of course, it is different to go to see the manufacturing process of Gang and see the growing cabbage. Fan Wubing greeted the factory in advance and asked them to arrange a convenient time.

After staying at Wang Rongchang for two days, Fan Wubing took Cui Qi and Tong Xiaoyun to Fan's chip manufacturing base to visit the manufacturing process.

Fan's chip manufacturing base has a total investment of over one billion US dollars and was completed by 5,000 workers over two years. During this period, a total of 30,000 tons of steel and nearly 100,000 cubic meters of concrete were used. More than one million meters of cables and 200,000 meters of pipes were laid.

The total area of ​​this manufacturing base is about 200,000 square meters, equivalent to nearly thirty standard football fields, of which the area of ​​the first-level clean room reaches 40,000 square meters. In this large clean room, the amount of dust not less than 0.5 microns per cubic foot of space is not allowed to exceed one particle, which is one hundred times cleaner than the hospital operating room.

It is very expensive to maintain a dust-free environment, but not all workshops need this dust-free environment. Interestingly, the ground is not the hard floor we usually know, but a mesh-like design by Cairan, but it is very sturdy, with the purpose of keeping the air flowing and the air in the room completely replaced every four minutes.

After very strict and tedious dust removal and other links, Fan Wubing, Cui Qi and Tong Xiaoyun entered one of the dust-free workshops accompanied by the factory engineers, where staff must wear dustproof clothing to prevent the wafer from being contaminated.

When they looked over from a distance, they saw a technician walking around in his arms holding a box. According to the engineer, this box is usually filled with wafers. What those technicians have to do is install this view in a machine or a processing tool.

Based on cost considerations, only Yao's entrance is in the dust-free room, while the other parts are in the dust-free level.

Under the reminder of the engineer, Zhang Qi and the others paid special attention to the floor of the workshop mentioned just now, and also noticed the machine that handled those wafers. That is, handled Hong, which was held by the technician just now.

The dust-free room and number of machines in the entire factory are very considerable, because the process of manufacturing a rigid wafer is very complicated.

One mouth "4 is about to use twenty-six lithography masking processes. Each process requires a lot of processing steps, plus doping and metal plating, etc., and the last concave. There are hundreds of manufacturing processes.

Many workshops require ultraviolet radiation. This is essential, but white light is usually used in dust-free workshops. The dust-free workshop that Fan Wubing and others just visited uses orange light, which is different from other dust-free workshops. According to the engineer, this is because this is the preliminary process of wafer processing. The reason is that a certain layer of the newly-sized layer is very sensitive to white light.

The staff cannot directly contact the wafer, but instead put it in the black square box called.... Each box can hold twenty-five wafers. This is made of aluminum material as a metal layer, and the color is black.

When the staff is placed in the processing machine, the machine will extract the twenty-five wafers one by one. After the processing is completed, it will be put back to the ratio and middle.

From one dust-free room to another dust-free room is automatically transmitted according to the predetermined track. There is an automatic track on the ceiling, and that track is used for transmission.

Under certain conditions, "it is directly transported to the corresponding machine without manual intervention. There is a screen on each machine, and technicians observe the current working conditions of the machine and the degree to which the wafer is processed.

Here, the final product is not the final use of computer users. The wafer contains many chips. These wafers will be sent to other assembly and testing factories, where the wafers will be cut, separate individual chips from above, test, label and shipped. Finally, they reach the hands of computer users.

When seeing the wafer rod, Tong Xiaoyun asked a very strange question, "Why do you need to make it into a round instead of a square one? When cutting, the round corners will be wasted, right?"

The engineer next to him immediately explained, "Because when silicon is purified, the raw material silicon will be melted and put into a huge quartz furnace. At this time, a seed is placed into the furnace so that the brick crystal can grow around the seed until a nearly perfect single crystal silicon is formed. According to the physical law, the final form of this production method is a cylinder that cannot be square. If the cylinder is sliced, it will become a circle. You cannot make any shape you want."

After hearing this, Tong Xiaoyun nodded repeatedly, and Fan Wubing smiled, "Actually, I don't know much, but I'm embarrassed to ask."

The so-called cutting wafer means cutting a silicon wafer with a predetermined specification from a single crystal silicon rod with a machine. It is divided into multiple small areas, each area will become a rigid core.

Next is photocopy, which is to apply a photoresist on the silicon oxide layer obtained by heat treatment. UV rays are irradiated with the silicon substrate through a template printed with a newly complex circuit structure pattern. The photoresist is dissolved in the place where the ultraviolet rays are irradiated.

Another thing is etching, using solvent to remove the photoresist irradiated by ultraviolet rays, and then chemical treatment is used to etch the silicon oxide layer that does not cover the photoresist, and then all photoresist materials are removed. A trenched silicon substrate is obtained.

Then we have to separate layers, to process a new layer of circuit and grow silicon oxide again. Then we deposit a layer of polycrystalline silicon, apply a photoresist, repeat the photocopy and etching process to obtain a trench structure containing polycrystalline bricks and silicon oxide.

Then there is ion implantation. Through ion bombardment, the exposed silicon substrate is locally doped, thereby changing the conductive state of these areas to form a gate circuit. The next step is to repeat the above process continuously. A complete concave core contains about twenty layers, leaving a window between layers, and filling metal to maintain the connection between the circuits between layers. After completing the final test work, the silicon wafer is cut into a single rigid core and packaged, and one is manufactured just now.

At the end, it is packaging, which refers to the installation of the small shell in front of the semiconductor integrated Manglu min-core. It not only plays the role of placing, fixing the chamber, sealing, protecting the performance of the chip and Mochazhu.

The packaging technology of chips has gone through several generations, and the technical indicators are more advanced than that of each generation, including changing the ratio of chip area to packaging area is getting closer and closer to one-to-one, and the frequency of use is getting higher and higher. The temperature resistance is getting better and better. The number of pins increases. The reliability of pin spacing is greatly improved, making it more convenient to use, etc.

"At present, most of the newly-flipped cores have been adopted in a package form. That is to say, the rigid core we usually see is actually the bottom of the silicon chip. It is flipped and packaged on a ceramic circuit substrate. The advantage of this is that it can directly contact the thermal dissipation device with the greater core.

This technology is also used in most of the current Kung Fu. The other side of the Kung Fu, which is covered under the ceramic circuit substrate, is connected to the external circuit, the engineer introduced to the three people. "Now Kung Fu has transistors with tens of millions of calculations, and they all have to be connected to the external circuit. The connection method is to weld a wire on each several transistors to connect to the external circuit. For example, the number of Kung Fu Fu has been manufactured is 5,000, and the 64-bit processor used in the server has reached 7,500, and the number of Kung Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu

Everyone was amazed at the moment. In fact, to place so many solder joints on such a small chip, these solder joints must be designed very carefully.

Since all calculations must be performed on a very small chip, a large amount of heat will be emitted from the core, the internal temperature of the core can reach Baidu, and the surface temperature will be dozens of degrees. Once the temperature is too high, it will cause the first operation to be abnormal or even burn. Therefore, many computer books or magazines often emphasize the importance of first heat dissipation.

"How much does it cost to get right? Zhangqi asked Fan Wubing." Fan Wubing scratched his head after hearing this.

It’s not that I’m afraid that everyone will feel jealous after saying it. It’s because the cost of manufacturing is indeed complicated to calculate, and it’s not something that can be explained in just one sentence.

First, the price factor is the salary and benefits of the design team. This is a great investment. After all, if you want to design and manufacture, you must have a design team with strong strength and high technical level. Without this as a foundation, it is obviously impossible to accomplish a big thing.

The second is the problem of wafer manufacturing cost. Generally speaking, the larger the diameter of the wafer, the more cores that can be divided, so that the cost of one-time manufacturing will be reduced, the profit will increase, and the more semi-finished products will be made under the same power consumption, which obviously means a decrease in cost.

Judging from the current eight-inch wafer, only one wafer can cut more than one hundred pieces of heart. If you change to a twelve-inch wafer to cut, you can cut at least 280 pieces.

Of course, if the lithography technology is improved and the accuracy is continuously improved, the volume of the core can be reduced, so that the number of units can be divided into more areas.

The price of a twelve-inch wafer is about 7,000 to 8,000 US dollars. Judging from the latest technology of Fan's Investment Group, the technology that has been successfully tested can cut more than 600 pieces of cores on a twelve-inch wafer. In this way, the cost will drop a lot. Coupled with other expenses, the cost of a single piece is expected to drop to within 300 RMB. This is Fan's latest and most powerful core technology.

"In fact, the profit of the processor is not very high, because the cost is too high, and a factory investment is billions of dollars, plus manual taxes and operating expenses. The profit is generally around 20%, and it is also possible to lose money if the operation is not good." Fan Wubing said with some emotion.

In fact, there is another thing Fan Wubing didn't say, that is, the price of a twelve-inch wafer is 7,000 to 8,000 US dollars, which is the price of the international market. In fact, Fan's cost is far lower than this price. At the same time, Fan's latest research technology is continuing to reduce the volume of the core. Once successful, more than two thousand cores can be cut from a twelve-inch wafer. In that case, the cost drop will be very significant.

Of course, since these things have not been done yet, there is no need to deliberately show off. After all, the outside world still believes that the wafer factory of Fan Investment Group can only process eight-inch wafers. In fact, Fan already has the technical reserves for manufacturing twelve-inch wafers and is already under construction of the production line.

According to the latest goals of Fan's research team, they are already challenging the 18-inch wafer manufacturing technology.

From this point of view, Fan Wubing said that his company's profits are not high, only 20%. This is not a lie, because most of the profits are currently invested by Fan Wubing in technology research and production line construction.

.I used to hear people say that it was just a pile of sand that was made of basically zero. Today, after visiting here, I realized that it was such a complicated manufacturing process. Tong Xiaoyun said with some emotion.

"I have also heard Fan Wubing nod and said, "The cost of just now is a pile of sand, and the cost of software is a CD. If most people in this country have such an idea, then it is easy to understand why the creative industry has withered."

Not to mention that Microsoft has to sell for thousands of dollars for a very vain thing. When Siyango was born, thousands of senior programmers squatted there and wrote for three years. Where did the salary come? What are these people eating? After they come out, users don’t buy it. Who will bear the risk?

Similarly, people turn sand into tough ones. How much does it cost? Whether it is deleted or old, they will sign a life-and-death case with each engineer and keep it for life. Where does this money come from? This is not considered the cost and investment of factory construction, equipment, sales operations, etc.

.Some people can't see the power of high technology at all. If everything is so simple, how could there be something like Forbes-level Rich List? Although the ao is a career built on a pile of sand, not everyone can do it. If you don't respect knowledge, you will not be able to make it a success. Fan Wubing shook his head and said.

"Then how do you explain the existence of Boss Coal?" Zhang Qi asked immediately.
Chapter completed!