When changing the contract, we strive to add a note to protect Chinese workers.

In his investigation report on the Peruvian Chinese workers to the Chinese government, Yung Wing proposed that "if China is permitted to recruit workers, it must send an envoy to the capital of Lima to properly discuss the protection of the Chinese workers' constitution. If there is any non-compliance with the treaty, it will be argued with it at any time. Li Hongzhang deeply agrees with this suggestion.

Peru sent former deputy envoy, the new secret envoy, Elemore, to Tianjin to exchange the contract. Li Hongzhang said, "The previous treaty should have been exchanged, but the abuse of Chinese workers was even more serious than that of black slaves... The situation is really pitiful and is inconsistent with the preface of Gersier and the noble envoy. Since this envoy has come to exchange the contract, the special provisions of the investigation and handling of Chinese workers last year are still insufficient. We plan to first discuss the measures or add clauses or add notes, and then exchange the previous agreement with the peace agreement."

Because "if you do not make clear the matter in the comments and make ambiguity with it, then the Chinese workers who have gone past will not be able to live, and then the Chinese workers who have gone back will die, and tens of thousands of people who have been waiting for help on water and fire for a day will not have the hope of coming to Su."

The reason why Li Hongzhang dared to force the declaration of protection for Chinese workers when changing the contract was not only the confirmation provided by Yung Wing, but also because he clearly realized the importance of Chinese workers to Peru. He believed that "the country is vast and there is no place to recruit workers, and it is impossible to expand its livelihood. I am able to strictly enact bans in coastal provinces in Fujian and Guangdong, and not allow one person to go to Peru alone. Then he will have no work to come again and give him a command. He will cherish the past work, and he will have no work to recruit, and his livelihood will be reduced day by day. He will be willing to bend me within one or two years. At that time, he will establish a protection charter with him to be stubborn and still be stubborn."

Faced with Li Hongzhang's tough attitude, Ge Envoy said, "I was ordered to come here to exchange the agreed agreement, and I cannot discuss other sums..." and "I firmly requested that the ministers be sent to request an order to change the agreement."

Li Hongzhang was also extremely cautious in his choice of the minister to exchange the appointment. Ding Richang became his choice because he believed that "the former pacifier (referring to Ding Richang) was familiar with the Westernization Affairs and was in good condition. Although this time, the Peru exchange was as usual, but the number of Chinese workers was large and the suffering was almost the same as that of Cuba. I plan to make a note when the previous investigation and handling of the special documents, and then the change of the agreement was given a note, and ordered the previous abuse of Chinese people to strictly prohibit the removal of the violation. The commonwealth committee members went to investigate and handle the matter. Ding Richang was always respected by foreigners. If the Montes sent the minister to exchange the business nearby, it would seem more effective."

At the beginning of the negotiations, Ding Richang said that the Peruvian Chinese workers are still very abused and must be given a note when changing the contract, declaring that all previous harshness should be eliminated and that the agreement can be changed after the reply is agreed to the reply." However, the secret envoy said, "Here, on the order of the lord of the country, he has no right to do anything before the change of the contract. Not only can he not prepare a document to agree, but he cannot discuss this matter." Moreover, the special treaty provisions he brought were only in English, Japanese, but no Chinese. Ding Richang solemnly

It stated that "China General uses the Chinese treaty as a basis. If this document is missed, it will not be able to exchange the treaty." After being persuaded by British envoy Weituma, Chinese envoy Mei Huili and other consuls of other countries, Mitoshi and Bidege, etc., Ding Richang and Li Hongzhang decided to make a conditional concession. Finally, "the special articles of each use of the Imperial Treasure Treaty will be exchanged first, and the other special articles of the foreign treaty will be temporarily stored in the Tianjin Customs Administration. The secret country will send the special articles of the Chinese treaty, and that is, the Tianjin Customs Road will be replaced by the Tianjin Customs Road."

Peru also finally stipulated in the note that "the previous disadvantages of treating Chinese workers will be eliminated, and the special regulations and peace agreements will be handled strictly, and the wealth of Chinese workers will be protected to show their confidence. The country should also send imperial envoys or members to check. Anyone who can protect Chinese workers will be able to eliminate the disadvantages, and any matters that can be protected and eliminated, you can always help your country and make full use of the constitution to make the best.

The Chinese government and Li Hongzhang won a certain victory.

Although Li Hongzhang has taken measures to effectively protect the Central Secretariat after making a contract and exchanging contracts, he is deeply concerned about this.

The cute president approved: Responsible ban on recruiting workers and cut off their origins.

After Li Hongzhang presided over the diplomatic mission, the framework of all government functional departments in China was established.

This also made the cute CEO feel relieved. The next thing is Zhan Naijun, preparing to go to North Korea.

"The navy must be strengthened. The navy represents the security of a country. The 6th Army can only protect the land, but cannot safeguard the people." The cute president said to Princess Katrina Kaif.

Princess Katrina Kaif nodded, "It's really not possible without a powerful navy. The British and French are too rampant."

"We cannot relax our vigilance not only the British and French, Germans, Tsarist Russia and Americans, we cannot relax our vigilance. These major powers are temporarily crawling because their strength has not met the conditions for global expansion! However, in Europe, Tsarist Russia and Germany have no less influence than Britain and France. In the Americas, Americans are even the only one. All of these must be paid attention to." The cute president continued.

"Yes, we have been collecting information on this area. Regarding these major countries, the information on weekly updates will be updated in real time." Princess Katrina Kaif took out several top-secret intelligence bags from the filing cabinet.

The cute president nodded, "This is a must. The money spent on intelligence cannot be saved. If we save this money, we are deaf and blind."

The military policy and military profile of the great powers at the end of the 19th century.

UK: Navy first!

Since modern times, Britain has been interdependent and promoted by its naval construction and its overseas colonial cause, and has become a strong cornerstone of the British Empire.

In view of this, the British government attaches great importance to the construction of the navy and always puts it more than the 6th Army.

In an important position, its military policy has distinct naval priority characteristics.

By the end of the 19th century, the British government still adhered to this military policy and pursued the construction goal of "to make its navy have the strength to fight against the navy of the two powerful countries."

Specifically, the British Navy is stronger than the navies of the two countries that are second and third.

From 1857 to 1858, the British naval funding was 844o1oo pounds; from 187o to 1871, it was 9o13ooo pounds; from 10 million pounds per year, it was very scary!

The increase in British naval funding in the last 10 years was directly linked to the international situation of Germany's proposal to establish its own powerful navy at that time.

The British government tried to maintain its absolute advantage over the navy of major European countries, so it spent huge amounts of money to compete with Germany.

In 187o, the total tonnage of British naval ships was 633 ooo tons.

In the original history, in 1882, there were 74 armored ships (including 5 under construction) combined with 523o8o tons, 85 non-armored ships combined with 189o46 tons, totaling 159 712126 tons; in 189o, a total of 254 armored ships and non-armored ships combined with 892361 tons; in 1899, there were 472, totaling 1265969 tons (including torpedo boats).

1879 years ago, in the plan alone, 8 warships, 11 coastal defense ships, 6 cruisers, and 31 gunboats and torpedo boats were being built!

The tonnage of the British Navy is always greater than or equivalent to the sum of the tonnage of any two or even three countries in Western Europe during the same period.

In 187o, it was equivalent to 63% of the total naval forces of the five countries of France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Russia at that time. The British planned to increase this proportion to 67.5% within ten years.

During this period, many new technologies of the world navy, such as armor protection, torpedoes, destroyers, etc., were not British innovations, but the British navy was able to actively absorb them and quickly make them reach a practical level to form new combat power.

Therefore, the British Navy not only ranked first in the world at that time, but also had the best of its fleet's aviation, endurance, armor protection, and attack power of ship-based weapons.

Taking aviation as an example, most of the British Navy's armored ships have flights of more than 16 knots, and 7 have more than 18 knots.

This level of navigation is more advanced than that of France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria, and the United States in the same period.

Take the artillery as an example. The armored ships are equipped with 824 pieces, several times more than the total artillery artillery equipped on the naval ships of all other countries.

By the time the war broke out in 1914, Britain had 668 warships of all sizes and sizes, and 2o1ooo people in the naval personnel.

Aviation and shooting are both symbols of naval power and technology. Not to mention the Chinese country that has not yet started, no country can compete with the British Navy for technology.

At the end of the 19th century, the British 6th Army still maintained its original structure. Its local garrisons were divided into the 6th Army standing army and the National Army used for internal guards. The 6th Army standing army included infantry, cavalry, artillery and engineering corps, and its organization included corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, etc.

In 187o, the total number of British 6th Army standing troops was 302,000.

The British National Army had about 20,000 people. In addition to the local area, the British also had the Royal 6th Army stationed in India, Africa, Australia and other places, and also organized the "Turkish Army" composed of local residents.

Although its 6th Army equipment has also changed significantly with the advancement of modern military technology, its level is far behind that of the German 6th Army.

France: The 6th Navy attaches equal importance to the 6th Navy.

France is located in Western Europe, on the west side of the Atlantic Ocean, across the sea from Britain; on the south side of the Mediterranean Sea, neighboring Italy and Spain; and on the east side of Germany. In terms of national defense, it must not only defend against Germany on the 6th, but also deal with the strong maritime opponent Britain. The objective situation forces it to have a powerful 6th Army and navy at the same time.

After the French-Prussian War, the French have always used revenge on Germany as a powerful spiritual driving force to vigorously strengthen the construction of the 6th Army. Under such circumstances, the French government's allocation to the 6th Army also increased rapidly year by year.

In 187o, the 6th French Army allocated US$7.50,000, the 14.200, and in 19o, the 19o period increased to 679329,916 francs.

At the end of the 19th century, the French 6th Army had a total of 20 armies (of which the 19th Army was stationed in Africa, and the others were stationed in the local area), and there were also patrol troops and other troops. The army was under the army, including divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, squads, platoons, squads, etc.

Generally, each army has 1 infantry regiment, 1 hunting infantry battalion, 2 cavalry brigade, 1 artillery brigade, 1 engineering brigade, and 1 baggage brigade.

In normal times, each army had a total of 12 ooo soldiers, which could be expanded to 24 ooo people during wartime. The number of officers and soldiers of the 6th army nationwide was 380,000 in 1870.

In World War I, after the outbreak of the war, the army expanded rapidly, with 93 divisions and 3.58 million people in France.

The French Navy always ranked second among the world's navy at the end of the 19th century.

In 187o, the French Navy had 457,000 tons of ships; in 1887, the planned armored ships were 58,336,800 tons, and the planned non-armored ships was 95,43,800 tons; in 189o, it was 535,000 tons, including 61 armored ships, 355,300 tons, 102 non-armored ships, 169,000 tons, and 194 torpedo boats, 10,700 tons.

In the past 10 years, there were 16 combat ships, 7 armored cruisers, 2 coastal defense ships, 23 cruisers, 14 gunboats (boats), 2 destroyers, 111 torpedo boats, and 3 submarines.

The French Navy planned to reach the tail end of the 20th century, with a total displacement of 48o ships of various types, with a total displacement of 652,500 tons.

Compared with the navies of the Western powers in 1899, it was about half of the total tonnage of the British navy, but twice that of the navies of Germany, Russia, the United States and other countries.

The French Navy has a total of 315 warships of all sizes and 5o9oo naval personnel.
Chapter completed!