The cute president smiled and said, "Okay, go and rest. I won't send you when you set off tomorrow. I wish you can achieve diplomatic results in Germany."

Seeing that His Majesty had finished his teachings, Zeng Jize hurriedly said, "Thank you, Your Majesty."

The cute president watched Zeng Jize leave, and his heart was filled with turmoil. Although he knew a little about the direction of history, the rudder of China is now in his own hands. Who knows what will happen?

In fact, Emperor Hua did not say too much substance to Zeng Jize. He didn't want to say it too much. He tied Zeng Jize's hands and feet. Everyone has their own way of doing things, and there is no need to impose their own habits on others.

Let’s talk about the general direction and understand it together. This is the main purpose of Emperor Hua’s search for Zeng Jize today.

Huahuang still yearns for the Dingyuan-class battleship, which is the most powerful industrial product he can obtain at present.

If it weren't for the concern that it would hinder the speed of China's self-development of warships, the cute president even wanted to order two or four more. He estimated that even if he wanted to order eight warships, the Germans should have taken over the order, more than one million pounds, or even more than two million pounds. Such a large order would greatly stimulate the progress of Germany's shipbuilding level, and no one could reject this confusion!

However, if you order too much, the R&D funds of China in recent years will definitely be compressed. Therefore, Emperor Hua determined four such numbers, which was also the result of Emperor Hua's careful consideration.

In the original history, from the hardware perspective.

The two ironclad ships, "Dingyuan" and "Zhenyuan", were still the daunting warships among Asian warships until the outbreak of the war.

The two ships were the more advanced iron armored castle-style iron armored ships in the world at that time, each equipped with 4 12-inch cannons and the armor thickness was 14-inch.

In the Yellow Sea Battle, the two ships "smacked hundreds of bombs and were hit several times by the Thirteen-inch bombs on Songdo. However, no bombs had penetrated, and there were no dead people" and proved that they were powerful naval combat weapons.

Japan took these two ships as its biggest threat and lamented that it was a "Oriental giant" and did not obtain a warship with such power until the war.

Of course, although the two battleships were the most advanced at that time, many flaws were raised in later generations.

The power of the battleship's head heavy artillery, the two main guns of the Dingyuan are one to the left and the right, separated by towering upper armor in the middle. There is no overlapping firepower at the bow. Only when the Japanese fleet lined up in a long string and passed by the Beiyang Navy, can one take the lead and the tail, and fully utilize the power of the two dual main guns, but such an opportunity is very rare.

The fatal mistake that German designers made when designing the Dingyuan was that no matter where the enemy fleet appeared, the Dingyuan could only exert half of its firepower.

If the head of the ship that is like a useless fire cannon is removed, the fore deck is flattened, and the front mast is moved backward, the shooting area of ​​the two front main guns of the Dingyuan will be greatly increased, and the front hemispheres are basically overlapping. During combat, whether the head of the ship is facing the enemy or facing the enemy side, the Dingyuan can fully exert its firepower.

Moreover, the Dingyuan-level main turret was designed in this way, mainly because the armor belt of the "Iron Armor Fort" was arranged in a centralized manner, greatly reducing the weight of the armor to adapt to the steam engine power at that time.

If the design of the former dreadnought, the entire armor belt will basically run through the entire warship, the tonnage of the warship will be far more than 10,000 tons, the steam engine will not be able to provide enough power, the cost of the warship will be astonishingly high, and the final speed will probably be only over ten knots.

Therefore, the Dingyuan-class ironclad ship was a concentrated reflection of the scientific and technological level of the German navy at that time.

The design of the former dreadnought is not practical at all.

When Emperor Hua will determine the Dingyuan ship plan, he will propose these to the Germans.

As for heavy cruisers, light cruisers, as well as small gunboats and torpedo ships, China is now capable of developing and producing them. Although the quality of the production may not be as good as that of the Germans, British and French, from a long-term perspective, it must be produced by itself and cannot be allowed to produce others because of quality issues. Such necessary tuition fees still have to be paid.

In the original history, the only Qing Dynasty warships that could be seen in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 were the Dingyuan and Zhenyuan ships.

Five Japanese pirates besieged the two Dingzhen ships without ammunition, almost shooting in close proximity, and had no results in half an hour. If the 10 ships in the Dadonggou Naval Battle were all Dingyuan Zhenyuan? Then will the Japanese pirates still have the record of sinking warships? How can there be no record of the Japanese pirates in the Dadonggou Naval Battle?

Without the victory of Japanese pirates, who would have chosen the faults of Zhenyuan?

The flaws do not hide the merits. Emperor Hua gave the Dingyuan and Zhenyuan ships in history. He had a high evaluation. It was because the corrupt Qing Dynasty was not good, and the fault could not be counted on equipment!

Therefore, we cannot blame the Dingyuan and Zhenyuan ships all the problems because of the failure of the battle, which is not in line with history.

After the Dingzhen two ships, the Japanese pirates' warships were not copied. Instead, the Dingzhen two ships, which were giant cannon ships, were improved to "Defensible Class" warships, and then "Missouri", "Iowa" and even the Japanese pirates' "Yamato", "Mussashi", etc.

On the contrary, the Japanese pirates "Yoshino" and others were abandoned, and were the navy generals collectively mentally retarded?

Or is it the strong protection of the Dingzhen two ships and the record of almost two shells sinking to the "Songdao"?

Or was the British "Hood" with thin skin and large fillings also sunk by two German "Pesmai" shells?

Anyway, all national navies, except those who have no money to support, almost all imitate Dingzhen 2 ships. It can be seen that the Dingzhen 2 ships’ ideas are correct!

Although the industrial level at this 19th century was changing with each passing day, the idea of ​​giant ships and heavy artillery was irreplaceable because technology did not allow it.

Everyone has missiles, of course, cruisers with more efficient, faster speeds, lower cost and higher cost performance are suitable for future navy, but how could there be missiles in the 19th century?

Even in the eyes of the naval generals, the Battle of Dadonggou can "not judge a hero by success or failure". The Japanese did not look down on the Beiyang Navy, and even for many years afterwards, the corrupt Qing court was not a warship.

If the two ships in Dingzhen point all the artillery in front, they will be five. These five artillery can blow up the front, back and left and right of a single warship at the same time. To borrow the words of snipers, it is called "striking the target with one shot", and the words of naval artillery are called "our artillery fire has covered the enemy ship."

If the two ships in Dingzhen use flowering blasting bombs, five gates will shoot the Japanese pirate warships in the front, back, left and right, where can the Japanese pirates dodge?

This is called "The artillery fire has covered the enemy ship!"

It is possible to make up for the insufficient accuracy of shooting at sea wind and waves with quantity! It is possible to make up for the insufficient accuracy of shooting when enemy ships are moving!

Of course, the Emperor Hua Association proposed that heavy artillery will be developed by China by itself. China's artillery making technology has been tested, and from a technical perspective alone, it is no longer behind the Germans.

During the Dadonggou Naval Battle, in order to prevent repeated damage from shrapnel flying into the cannon like Jiyuan, the two ships of Dingzhen removed the shells of four cannons. This not only expanded the shooting angle of the four 12-inch cannons, but also facilitated the smoke generated when the sea breeze scattered the shooting, making it easier to aim again.

Moreover, Krupp also has a large elevation angle. The millstone-style turret can rotate 360 ​​degrees and shoot at any angle. Of course, except for another turret blocking and the armored command room between the two turrets, apart from these, there is almost no impossible shooting direction.

As for side shooting, a flybridge with limited thickness cannot cover much shooting angle, and the armored command room is built obliquely, which will not hinder the shooting of four guns and front and rear secondary guns. It can be completed without dismantling the shooting of almost 360 degrees. The second ship of Dingzhen does not hinder the shooting at all.

No need to dismantle. Reduce the originally pitiful firepower configuration of the Dingzhen two ships.

Therefore, even if Emperor Hua would make suggestions for improvement at that time, it would only be fine-tuning. China now has its own professional shipbuilding team, but the overall industrial level cannot keep up, so it has to entrust other countries to build.

In the original historical summary, the Dadonggou naval battle was to cover the Army's landing, and the Army's landing was not completed.

The Beiyang Navy must stand in front of the Japanese pirates. Even if it uses its body, it cannot allow the Japanese pirates to discover the landing army, otherwise the army may be wiped out under the dense artillery fire of the Japanese pirates.

At the end of the battle, only the two ships of Dingzhen were left, allowing the Japanese pirates to siege and insist on attracting the Japanese pirates. Of course, the Japanese pirates also shouted that they would "sink the two ships of Dingzhen" and besiege them with five warships. The result was in vain. The Japanese pirates' confidence was severely damaged and they were close to shooting. The Japanese pirates had no confidence. The two ships of Dingzhen had no shells and stopped moving.

Wait for half an hour to die! The Japanese pirates were unable to sink, and the Japanese pirates turned into despair!

Therefore, the Japanese pirates were forced to retreat, and even if all the ammunition of the Japanese pirates was exhausted, the two ships of Dingzhen were fine. The Japanese pirates also saw the two ships of Dingzhen and could not sink and ran away. Therefore, their powerful protection ability determined that the invincible Dingyuan team covered the army's landing and became the pillar of the battlefield.

Chaoyong was able to show his power to the iron sheet outside the wood, and no matter how he beat him, he would sink. Zhiyuan Jingyuan (original origin) was besieged by more than 30 artillery pieces of four warships and bullied to death.

The two ships in Dingzhen were besieged by five warships for nearly an hour and a half, and it's okay!

It can be seen that the design is excellent, and even created results such as injuring Songdao. What did the Japanese pirates' Sanjing warship 320 cannons do? The rotating system is stuck, the cannons are stuck, and they even dare not fire the cannons, for fear of overturning themselves.

At that time, Britain could only create "Yoshino" to achieve long-term success, etc.

Even the thin-skinned and big-filled "Hood" behind it dares to challenge the Bismarck's cannon ship?

Unless the aircraft carrier is used in advance.

There is no problem with the idea of ​​heavy artillery in giant ships.

China has been quietly developing submarines, various battleships and cruisers, and they are all developing. In terms of technology, China is at the forefront of the times, but if China has the ability to build it before it can own battleships, the Emperor Hua can't wait.

It is said that the training of Beiyang Navy failed. In fact, the training level of Beiyang Navy during the same period was far higher than that of the Japanese.

This can be seen from the shooting hit rate between both sides.

Later Japanese Ministry of Defense has always preserved a set of pictures of the damage to Japanese warships during the Battle of the Yellow Sea.

This set of pictures is a drawing record made by the Japanese side on the injury of warships participating in the war after the Battle of the Yellow Sea on September 17, 1894. From this, we can see that the warships participating in the war were not only shot in large quantities, but were almost concentrated in key positions such as chimneys, waterlines, and ship sterns.

This shows that the Beiyang Navy is brave in combat and the artillery fire is very accurate, but none of the Japanese warships were sunk. The reason for this is no longer something that the Beiyang Navy soldiers themselves can explain.

On the surface, the Beiyang Navy has low ammunition, and the real reason for the defeat was that a modern navy did not have a modern country and society to support them.

Regarding Li Hongzhang's statement that he refused to fight to protect the ship, why did Li Hongzhang not want to fight a sea decisive battle with the Japanese fleet when the war began?

In the summer of 1891, when the Beiyang Fleet visited Japan for the second time, Liu Buchan, the general of the Beiyang Navy, observed that the Japanese naval firepower of the newly added Songdao, Itsukashima, and the "Three Scenery Ships" had exceeded that of the Beiyang Navy. He quickly informed Ding Ruchang that Li Hongzhang "It is urgent to buy warships and update old artillery." Therefore, Li Hongzhang immediately submitted an urgent memorial to the court, pointing out: "...new fast artillery fires are

It can be put as much as 60 out of six minutes, and its strength can penetrate several inches of iron, which is actually a powerful weapon at sea. From this, it can be seen that the naval generals such as Li Hongzhang, Ding Ruchang, and Liu Buchan fully understand the common sense that "tactical firepower determines the victory or defeat of the sea", and the failed ending of the Battle of the Yellow Sea also proves that their judgment is very accurate, which also explains why Li Hongzhang was unwilling to engage in a sea decisive battle with the Japanese fleet when the war started, and only wanted to do "the momentum of a tiger in the mountains."

The root cause is:

1) The number of Japanese artillery shells fired 20 to 10 times that of the Beiyang Navy!

According to the existing materials, the rate of fire of the raids used by the Beiyang Navy was far lower than that of the Japanese rapid-fire guns. At that time, the large-caliber breech gun fired medicine and artillery shells were separated, which further reduced the firing speed of the large-caliber breech gun fired in Zhenyuan, Dingyuan. Based on the actual warships of the two sides participated in the war within one hour after the war broke out at 12:55 on September 17, 1894, it was found that after repeated calculations, the theoretical firing data of the 100mm main war artillery between the Qing and Japan sides was, the Japanese joint fleet was 46,242 and the Beiyang fleet was 2,368. The firing rate ratio of the two sides was 18.76:1. Obviously, for the entire fleet of both sides, the firing volume of the Japanese main war artillery above 100mm was almost 20 times that of the Qing side.

The core of the naval battle is the artillery battle between the 4th ship of the Japanese "First Guerrilla Column" and the Beiyang Navy 6. Although the ratio of the total tonnage of the 4th ship of the Japanese "First Guerrilla Column" and the Beiyang Navy 6 is 14,784 tons to 14,136 tons, the ratio of the main war artillery above 100 mm caliber of the two sides is 38 to 28, with a quantity ratio of 1.4:1, which seems not much different. However, after detailed calculations, it was found that the two sides "swept in a round" in a critical hour, and the theoretical ratio of the number of launches was astonishing 13,990:1248, and the rate of fire ratio was 11:1.

In other words, the Japanese main artillery firepower was 11 times that of the Qing Dynasty!

At around 14:22 on that day, when the Beiyang Fleet's "Guang Bing" and "Pingyuan" arrived, the two ships "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" had been sunk. The theoretical data on the fire rate of both sides within one hour is: Japan can fire 46,242 shells, and China can fire 4,080 shells, with a fire rate ratio of 10.89:1. Japan's military firepower is still more than 10 times that of China.

Although the number of launches between the two sides during actual combat is less than the theoretical calculation, the huge firepower gap between the two sides will not change.

After the two ships of the Beiyang Fleet's "Super Dynasty" and "Yangwei" sank, the four Japanese "First Guerrilla Column" fought with the six ships of the Beiyang Fleet's "Zhiyuan", "Jiyuan", "Jingyuan", "Laiyuan", and "Guangjia" sank.

As a result, two Beiyang Fleet were sunk, two fled, and two were severely damaged and stranded.

2) The explosives of Japanese Navy shells are 100 times more powerful than those of Beiyang Fleet’s shells!

Not only did the Japanese army fire more than ten times the number of artillery shells that were fired by the Beiyang Navy, but the power of the artillery shells was much greater than that of the Beiyang Navy.

The secret is that the "explosive" used by the two sides is different. The Beiyang Navy used backward "black gunpowder", which is the gunpowder used for modern firecrackers (the launching medicine is millet-colored gunpowder after black gunpowder passivation, and the flowering bullet charge is black gunpowder). Even this kind of flowering bullet equipment is very rare. Most of it was given by the ship by the Yingde Shipyard when purchasing the ship. Most of the Beiyang Navy equipped it is still solid bombs that cannot explode. The body of this solid bomb is often equipped with sand and stone to increase weight, and it completely uses its own gravity and impact to attack the opponent's warships.

All the shells used by the Japanese army were flowering bullets filled with new "picric acid" explosives, and their power was 100 times that of "black gunpowder".

Specifically, the power of black gunpowder is only one-tenth of nitric acid, and the power of nitric acid is only one-tenth of picric acid, which means that 1 kilogram of picric acid is equivalent to 10 kilogram of ammonia nitrate or 100 kilogram of black gunpowder!

From this we can see that the entire fleet was fighting, and the Beiyang Fleet lost 5 ships, while one of the other side had not sunk. It was reasonable.

The Beiyang Fleet hit many Japanese shells, but they couldn't sink one. The reason was that the shells were too small!

When the Beiyang Navy formed an army, it was the era of great leap forward in the world's naval technology and tactics. It can be said that there is a trend every year, no less than the speed of computer updates in later generations. How should steam iron armor ships be used for naval warfare? There are many schools in various countries, and warship technology and artillery technology are also changing with each passing day. After the Beiyang Navy formed an army, it did not add another ship for various reasons (the Qing Dynasty regarded the Beiyang Navy as the armed forces of Li Hongzhang, the Han people). By the time of war, there was a technical gap that could not be made up for training with the weapons and equipment of the Japanese Combined Fleet. The horizontal team used to meet the enemy after the war was launched was also designed in advance based on the artillery configuration of the ships equipped.

In fact, the training level of the Beiyang Navy is far beyond that of the joint fleet, which can be seen from the shooting rate of both sides. The traditional viewpoint is always generalized from the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty and the backward system, and completely ignoring the development process of naval technology and tactics in the 19th century. It can be said that the officers and soldiers of the Beiyang Navy were not fairly evaluated.

Of course, in the early 1880s, Emperor Hua did not believe that the British had the level of building aircraft carriers.
Chapter completed!