【1206 Zulu War】
What Emperor Hua can do is much more than just a verbal blow with the British!
Moreover, the combination of the Zulu War and the evacuation of the Chinese country from Kyushu Island, Japan, by the British, is also the masterpiece of the Emperor!
In the 1880s, at least in the last few years, Emperor Hua certainly did not have the ability to let the Chinese army intervene in affairs outside the country. Neither military nor national strength can support long-distance wars, but this does not mean that the Chinese country cannot intervene in affairs!
The role of intervening in international affairs early and establishing a positive image between Emperor Hua himself and the country as soon as possible will be to improve the international status of Emperor Hua naturally knows.
In September 1876, a large group of young women were massacred because they did not accept Sechuayo's arrangements and instead chose men of the same age and led to strong protests from the Natal government, and the occupation government usually tended to look at the affairs of the conquered African nations with a condescending attitude.
Sechuay and Transva saw tensions caused by the border dispute continued.
Sir Theopheles Shepstone, who respected him as his friend, supported Sechuaio on the issue of the dispute over borders, but in 1877 he led a small army deep into Devasland and persuaded the local Boers to abandon their independence.
Shepstone became the administrator of De Vasland and therefore began to look at the border issues from another perspective.
In February 1878, Vice Governor Natal appointed a committee to investigate border issues.
The report of the Commission was issued in July, resulting in a total favorable result for the Zulu. Sir Bartel Frier, the then High Commissioner, believed that the judgment was completely unfair to the Boers, and that in the land given to the Zulu, the Boers were required to pay compensation when they left and should be protected without leaving.
Secchivayo now finds that no one can rescue Bishop Corenso in Natal is seen by the British as immersed in "provocation" and condones the Zulu's atrocities on the Natal and De Varishland border.
Three independent incidents occurred from late July to September of 1878, and in August Frier seized these events as an excuse to attract his superiors' attention.
The first two things are about the chief's two wives fleeing into Natal, who were later arrested and executed by his brother and son. The whole incident is described as follows:
"A concubine of the chief left him and fled to Natal. She was caught (on July 28, 1878) by the chief's son and his brother in a village surrounded by fences where she was hiding, and escorted back to Zululand, where she was executed according to the laws of the Zulu Kingdom."
"A week later, the same young man (the son of the chief), his two other brothers and an uncle, another escaped concubine captured by a similar method, and a young man who fled with her. The woman was escorted back to the country, waiting for the punishment of death; although the actions of her male companion were also committed in the eyes of the Zulu people, who was also unforgivable crimes that should be executed, but the Zulu people did not touch him because they were in British territory without any harm."
The third incident happened in September, when two men were suddenly arrested in a sand dam near the central ferry of the Tugela River. Frier described the incident to the colonial minister Sir Hicks Beach: "Mr. Smith, a surveyor at the Colonial Engineering Bureau, was performing his duties of inspecting the road to Tugela, near the Buckingham Fort that Sir Wu ordered several years ago to build, accompanied by Mr. Dundon, a merchant living in Platinum, crossing Tugela toward a shallow.
The stream was very low, flowing under the banks of the Zulu, but they walked on this side of the river without crossing the line until they were surrounded by 15 to 20 armed Zulus and imprisoned, and their horses were confiscated by the Zulus, although they were also walking on this side of the river near Natal. They were also treated rudely and threatened for a while; although they were finally released and allowed to leave at the request of a leader."
These are not in themselves sufficient to serve as a credible basis for launching a Zulu invasion.
Moreover, Sir Henry Bulvo himself did not think that Sechuayo should be responsible for the arrest and killing of the two women, and it was obvious that it was not a political move.
"I have negotiated with the King of Zulu, informing his subjects of the brutal and outrageous crimes committed in Natal, and demanding that he surrender the criminals required by the government, the accomplices of the chief's two sons, who were the leaders of the group, according to the laws of the colonies."
Sechuayo dealt with the complaint lightly and replied: "Sechuayo is very sorry and has to admit that the news is true, but he begged me not to take the initiative to take responsibility in view of what the Natal government has done in his eyes, such as the actions of the chief's sons, he can only be attributed to a rash move, the boys are enthusiastic about defending their father's family without considering the consequences of doing so. Sechuayo admits that they should be punished, and that he sent some of his messengers who will follow and follow his words. Sechuayo hereby declares that no act of his subjects can make him complain about the elders of the Shaka family."
The initial protest by the Deputy Governor of Natal to Sechuayo was to ask the Zulus to hand over the criminals.
This request was later transformed by Frier into a tough demand: "In addition to the general expectations of the Zulu people, most to me, it seems that an armed force crossed the obvious and well-known boundary line, arrested two women in distress in British territory, and brought them back to the country to execute at will, and cast contemptuous disregard for the protests of the Natal police, a blasphemy and trampling on the territorial rights of the British Empire. If apology and compensation for losses as required by the Deputy Governor and the judgment of the two main culprits to justice is necessary, like the King of Zulu, the consequence of which is to end the peaceful coexistence of the two neighbors."
The ultimatum was mentioned for the first time in this urgent document. After an in-depth conversation with Sir Bulvo and extensive exchange of opinions, it was decided to arrange a meeting with the representative of the King of Zulu. The surface reason for this talk was the content stated in the ruling issued by the Committee on the issue of borders.
In fact, the British were ready to take the opportunity to issue an ultimatum to the King of Zulu.
When the ultimatum was issued, the crimes committed by the chief’s two sons and the abuse of Smith and Dunton were only part of the reason, and several other arguments were put forward.
One of these reasons is that Sechuay blatantly violated the promise made to Shepstone in 1872 at the King's coronation.
This farce-like coronation was entirely just to satisfy Shepstone's wishes and was meaningless to the Zulus.
In fact, he was crowned a few weeks ago, by that time he was recognized and praised by his Zulu chief.
In 1879, the British handed over to the King Sechuayo on the banks of the Tugela River to the terms included in the ultimatum.
Article 4 is required to obey immediately, Articles 1 to 3 require it to be reached within 20 days, that is, before December 31 (including this day); the remaining terms (Articles 5 to 13) are allowed to be reached 10 days later. The shortest deadline was later changed, and all terms are limited to being reached before January 10, 1879.
1: Sihayo's younger brother and two sons were sent to Natal Court.
2: Pay a fine of 500 for the atrocities committed and the delayed attitude of Sechuayo in the manner of delaying the time as required by the Natal government to hand over the criminals as required by the Natal government.
Three: Pay a one hundred fine for abuse of Smith and Mr. Dundon.
4: Keep the promises made by the coronation.
5: Disband the Zulu army and allow soldiers to return home.
6: To abolish the Zulu military system, other adopted military regulations must be decided after consultation with the British representative and the Grand Council.
7: Every man enjoys freedom of marriage after he becomes an adult.
VIII: All missionaries who remained in Zululand until 1877 and their converts, will be allowed to return to their posts.
Nine: All such missionaries will be allowed to preach, and the Zulus they elect have the freedom to listen to their mission.
Ten: A British agent will be allowed to live in Zululand, and he will monitor the implementation of the above points.
Eleven: All disputes involving missionaries and Europeans must be heard by the king in public.
Twelve: No deportation orders are allowed in Zululand unless they are recognized by the residents.
The ultimatum also attached a requirement (almost thought out) to ask the Zulu to hand over a son of a Swazi king who failed in his battle for the succession of the throne with his brother and was exiled by his own country. He successfully sought asylum, and Secchivayo placed him in a place near West Zululand (it is very likely that Secchivayo wanted to use him as a bargaining chip for himself and the Boers on the Devasland issue). Umbelini began to live long on Mount Tiffburg, a flat-top mountain overlooking the river. Some were similar to bandits, and Umbelini often attacked people in this area, whether Boers or Zulu, and detained cattle and captives without authorization.
After the annexation of De Vasland, the British had to deal with Umbelini, and Frier was convinced that the bandit leader had received funding from the Zulu king, so he clearly demanded that he be handed over in his ultimatum.
In the memorandum written by Sir Burwo, there is a special paragraph about unbilini:
"The king said that umbilini had caused him a lot of trouble and denied umbilini's actions, claiming that umbilini had left Zulu and went back to compete with his brother (the current chief) for the position of Swazi chief, and would kill him immediately if he was sent back. But there was no sign that the king had punished him in any way, on the contrary, it was certain that even if unbilini's actions were not based on Sechuayo's clear order, he understood that he would definitely get the acquiesce of the king."
Frier was accused of deceiving, hiding his intentions in front of his superiors by using letters to and from South Africa and London, or at least delaying giving them the necessary information until they acted too late.
He first suggested to the British Empire Government in a private letter to Hicks Beach on October 14, 1878 that he had hinted at his attempt to make tough demands like the Zulus.
But the letter did not arrive in London until November 16, when the messenger had been sent from Natal to the King of Zulu to ask a delegation from Zulu to attend on December 11 to accept the ruling of the Commission on the Boundary Questions.
If Hicks Beach immediately sent a telegram to clearly prohibit any action, besides declaring the border verdict, it may have arrived in South Africa that could promptly prevent the ultimatum from being raised—but just right.
However, it is almost impossible to expect without a ban, because Hicks Beach learned that the ultimatum was at its last moment and there was no other way. None of Frier's letters foreshadowed how quickly he would act, nor did he suggest how harsh his demands were. Hicks Beach had earlier complained to the Prime Minister, admitting his helplessness in the matter about Frier's actions:
"I have done my best to express this view to Sir B. Frier in private and in formal channels (not provoking first). But I can't really control him without a telegraph (I don't know if I can control him even if I have a telegraph). I feel very likely that he is now in a war with the Zulus. Frier is believed to want to provoke a conflict with the Zulus, and his purpose has been achieved. Secchivayo rejected the request made on December 11 and did not give any reply until the end of the year.
The British made concessions on January 11, 1879, and the atmosphere of the war was believed to have formed.
But Sechuayo did not respond. In January 1879, a British army led by Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Tesche and Baron Chemsford began to invade Zululand. Without the approval of the British government, Baron Chemsford led this army of 5,000 Europeans and 8,200 Africans. The 3,000 people behind were hired while defending the Natal border, and another 1,400 Europeans and 400 Africans were once stationed in the Udrecht region.
Three columns preparing to invade Zululan headed towards the Rock Ferry downstream of Tugela and Udrecht, respectively. Their target was the Kraal (a fenced village in South Africa) where the Zulu royal family was located, and Ulundi.
Sechuay's army had a total of 40,000 people, and the entry of the three columns did not encounter any obstacles.
On January 22, the Central Column (composed of 1,600 Europeans and 2,500 Africans) was camped near Isandelvana; on that morning Baron Chemsford separated his troops and formed a reconnaissance team.
When he left the camp under the charge of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Prenen, he was shocked to find that the powerful Zulu army had nearly 20,000 men.
Chemsford had previously refused to set up a defensive camp and ignored the report that the Zulu army was right in front of him, which decided that it was too late to regret it at this time.
The Battle of Isan delvana that followed was the greatest victory in the entire war.
After that, the Zulu reserve team of about 3,000 people staged a surprise attack on the border line behind the Rock Ferry, and was repelled after 10 hours of fierce battle.
When the British Central Column commanded by Chelmsford was frustrated by the war, the right-wing column marched along the river bank, crossed the Tugela River under Colonel Charles Pearson, and had a skirmish with the Zulu Chapter, who was trying to set up an ambush in the Yezane River, and advanced to the deserted Eshou Mission Station, where he was preparing to build fortifications.
Due to the previous disaster in Isandelvana, Pearson learned his lesson and retreated farther from the Tugela River.
But before he decided whether to put the plan into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off the British supply line, and the siege of Eshao began.
At this time, the left-wing column under the command of Colonel Evelyn Wood initially assumed the task of occupying the tribes of Zuluran in the northwest and preventing them from blocking the column from heading towards Ulundi. In the end, Wood had to set up a tent in the tinta tribe, and only ten kilometers south of Mount Holoben, there were about 4,000 Zulu troops stationed on the mountain.
A war without sufficient preparation will definitely not be won. The British encountered great difficulties in the initial stage!
Because the Statistics Bureau of Hua Huang has delayed the transmission of intelligence from Africa to Europe, so the information that Hua Huang has currently received is so much information.
After reading the complete information, everyone was silent.
Chapter completed!