Alexander completed all his studies at the age of nineteen.??                                                                                                                       

In 1855, Alexander succeeded to the throne and became the eleventh emperor of the Russian Empire, known in history as Alexander II. Alexander II realized that the problems exposed by the Russian army during the Krim War were essentially the problem that Russia's industry and political system lag behind other countries in the European Greater Six.

Based on this judgment, it is imperative to reform Russia's outdated political and economic system. What needs to be abolished is the serfdom.

90% of Russia's population is serfs, completely bound to the land, with very inefficient production and seriously hindering the development of capitalism based on free wage labor.

However, for hundreds of years, serfdom was closely combined with the ruling foundation of Tsarist Russia, so that even many far-sighted masters, including Peter I and Caterina II, dared not open Pandora's box.

This is so similar to China. The path that the cute president took was actually following Alexander II. However, the cute president and Alexander II lived in different classes. The cute president represented the emerging big bourgeoisie, while Alexander II represented the big landlord class, and the royal family was always the largest landlords. Therefore, this kind of bourgeois change is the most painful, slowest, and even likely to have a miscarriage.

The Huacui Party of the Cute President has no such pain at all. The Cute President himself represents the bourgeoisie, while the Huacui Party is composed of workers as the main body, representing the representatives of emerging industrial workers, who yearn for a free, equal and legal society and life.

History has put the responsibility in front of Alexander II without any hesitation. After the Crim War, the Russian serf resistance movement rose year by year, one day later, and the problem became even more serious.

In fact, Alexander II had been determined to implement reforms since the day he succeeded to the throne. In 1857, he established the "General Committee on Peasant Affairs" and began to prepare for the reform to abolish the serfdom.

In March 1861, the Tsar finally issued an edict to carry out reforms.

There are two core points of the reform: First, the abolition of the serf system, and all serfs gain personal freedom, including migration, marriage, changing occupations, possessing property, and entering into contracts; second, it is stipulated that all land is owned by the landlords, and farmers redeem a small piece of land according to regulations, and the amount of ransom is two or three times the actual price of the land, and the farmers pay part of the rest, and the government pays the rest in the form of repayable bonds. Farmers must pay off their principal and interest within 49 years. There are other aspects of the reform, such as organizing free farmers into the commune, and the public officials of the commune are elected by farmers, but they must obey the management of local administrative agencies.

Alexander II's reform articles fully show his good intentions. The key to the serfs' liberation was the land issue. It was impossible for the serfs to liberate the serfs to obtain the land they had been operating for free in a reform (rather than a revolution). Because the property rights of the land were originally owned by the serf owners, and the management rights of the serfs were combined with their serf obligations.

Alexander II wanted to satisfy both the feudal aristocrats and serfs to the greatest extent, maintaining the stability of the domestic situation while changing dramatically, and allowing serfs to obtain land by redemption may be the best choice.

It is obvious that Russia's reform in 1861 was just a plunder of peasants by the feudal lords, which is an irresponsible explanation for history.

After the liberation of many serfs, due to land reduction and other reasons, they were still unable to stand economically independent, and could only accept the exploitation of landlords in the form of feudal land rent. The reform was not thorough, but after all, the most difficult step had been taken.

In 1857, the serfdom reform began to be piloted in the more politically enlightened Baltic coastal areas. In Lithuania, the serf owners announced the liberation of serfs and made these serfs become independent and free peasants. After that, the relationship between the serf owners and the original serfs changed into the relationship between landlords and hired peasants. After that, the reform measures began to be gradually implemented in provinces such as Petersburg.

The serfdom reform promoted by Alexander II touched the interests of the vast Russian landlord nobles and was fiercely opposed. Their arguments against the reform were: this would cause political turmoil in Russia and intensify economic difficulties after the Krim War.

At this time, most of the Russian revolutionaries had already gone into exile overseas, and the revolutionaries also had different opinions on Russia's future path. The landlords and nobles used the remarks of radical revolutionaries to amplify the negative impact of reform to counter reform measures.

In addition, during this period, the Russian treasury was empty, and the entire country relied on debt to survive. Due to tight funding, the top priority such as re-equipment of the army was temporarily put on hold.

The landlords and nobles blamed all this on the serfdom reform.

Faced with numerous resistances, Alexander II still implemented the reform to the end.

On February 19, 1861, Russia announced a new peasant decree. On March 5, Alexander II officially announced the liberation of all serfs in Russia, and from then on, serfs became farmers who farmed freely.

Although free farmers have nothing and do not have their own land, and must rely on the original landlords in economic relations to survive, their political significance is extraordinary - farmers have obtained equal political rights, become free people, and can move freely, which means they can become rich through newly reclaimed land, thus gaining complete economic independence.

Alexander II announced the abolition of serfdom, which was a social progress in Russia in terms of quality.

The influence of this reform was so great that it was called the greatest social movement after the French Revolution.

Therefore, Alexander II won the title of "Liberator".

The liberated peasants destroyed the previous sense of stability due to the reduction of land, the payment of ransoms, and the chaos brought about by reform. The struggle for resistance became even more intense. In 186o, the peasants were in chaos 126 times, while in 1861, the year of reform increased to 1,176 times.

But Russia's political situation remained generally stable, and finally passed this chaotic period and moved towards a new era.

The war of the cute president suddenly brought Tsarist Russia back to the level of 1861. The peasants were dominated by generations, and feudal rule was not formed in one day. Why did workers and peasants take the lead? Because workers represent industry, and only industry can lead social progress.

The war of the cute president was even more harmful to Tsarist Russia than the Crimean War, because in the Crimean War, Tsarist Russia was killed by a group of emerging bourgeois countries. China, in the eyes of Westerners, is just a group of wealthy peasants. Tsarist Russia will believe that it was the serfdom reform implemented by Alexander II, which made Tsarist Russia even more poor and more backward.

The war of the cute president destroyed Alexander II's dream of constitutional monarchy at one time.

History has coincidences and inevitable. The cute president chose this time point in fact, and it cannot be said that it is completely taken for granted. At least, the cute president has considered the entire international situation in his subconscious.

Japan is no longer the main enemy of the cute president, or it should be said that it is not particularly valued by the cute president. With China's rising strength, any province will kill Japan for a minute. Of course, it depends on the sea.

Tsarist Russia is different when it becomes more and more difficult to get into the world. Once this constitutional monarchy has been industrialized, it is terrible to have a large area of ​​land bordering China.

In this era, constitutional monarchy was still very applicable in Tsarist Russia and the ancient Chinese Empire. It was impossible to allow hundreds of millions of peasants to complete civilization in one go. Only through the mouth of the emperor and the mouth of a god that the people worshiped like gods, can the government and laws issued by this mouth be issued as quickly as possible.

It was the times that made the two feudal countries collided together. It was the times that made the cute president, a little man who was over five or six years old, collide with the great Tsar in his sixties and seventies.
Chapter completed!