The Brazilian Empire (Portuguese: Impé Odobra private) was a constitutional monarchy established in Brazil in South America between 1822 and 1889. It was ruled by Prince Pedro I of Brazil in Portugal and his son Pedro II. In 1889, Pedro II was deposed and the First Republic established by Deodoro da Fonseca replaced the empire, and the Brazilian Empire declared its official demise.

In the early 19th century, the entire Europe experienced the Napoleonic Wars. Portugal was occupied by France in 1808. Therefore, the Braganza dynasty of Portugal (dinastiiadebragan?a) fled to Brazil, a colony of South America, and moved its capital to Rio de Janeiro in 1809.

In 815, Brazil became a kingdom, and the country was renamed "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve" (unidodeportugal, bra private lealgarves). Soon after, the Napoleonic War ended, the Portuguese royal family returned to Lisbon and sent the Regent Prince Pedro to continue to govern Brazil. Pedro began large-scale reforms, abolished the salt tax issued by the royal family, reorganized the government agencies, and relaxed the freedom of the people. In addition, he sent representatives to the Portuguese parliament to participate in political affairs, which greatly improved Brazil's economy and culture. However, slave transactions still exist.

In September 1821, the Portuguese parliament voted to abolish the title of the Kingdom of Brazil, and all royal agencies located in Rio de Janeiro would be abolished, and Brazilian provinces would be governed by Lisbon. Therefore, the Portuguese government sent troops to Brazil to station troops and placed Brazil's armed forces under the control of the Portuguese army to strengthen its control over Brazil. Later, in Pernambro, Bahia and other places, the Portuguese army and local militants had an armed conflict. In January 1822, the parliament asked Pedro to return to Lisbon immediately. Pedro refused and declared that he would stay in Brazil. Soon after, a new government led by José Bonifacio de Andrada Silva was established. The Portuguese garrison also demanded that the Portuguese garrison withdraw from Brazil.

In February of the same year, the Portuguese army stationed in Brazil began to crack down on the separation activities in Brazil. Pedro then removed the position of Portuguese army commander and issued a retreat order to the Portuguese army. A month later, Portuguese reinforcements arrived outside Rio de Janeiro, but were refused entry into the port by Pedro. The Portuguese army and the Portuguese army stationed in Brazil returned to Portugal after supply. However, in Pernambuco, the province of Bahia began to bleed, and local militants attacked the garrison, and bloody conflicts occurred between the two sides. In May, Pedro declared himself "the protector of Brazil."

In August, the Portuguese parliament decided to abolish Pedro's position as regent and organize a siege army to attack Brazil. In September 1822, Pedro arrived in the city of São Paulo and learned that his country was going to send a siege army, he went to the nearby Epiranga River (Oipiranga) to take off his Portuguese badge on his military uniform, draw his sword and swore that "If you don't have independence, you'd rather die!" (dê!), and officially declared Brazil's independence. On October 12, 1822, Pedro declared himself the Brazilian Emperor Pedro I. He was crowned on December 1 to establish the Brazilian Empire, with José Bonifacio de Andrada as the Prime Minister of the Empire.

During the regent committee, riots in China were common. Among the more famous ones, in January 1835, a large-scale riot occurred in Belém, the capital of Para, in Belém. The government forces sent warships to suppress it. Nine months later, a rebellion broke out in Port Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande in the south. The leaders successfully gained control of the city, opposed imperial rule, and planned to establish a federal republic. The government forces had to send troops to the local area to sweep for ten consecutive years.

In 2019, the "Guerradosarrapos" (guerradosarrapos). The following year, Rio Grande, the Sul, broke out from Brazil and established a republic. In addition, in 1837, a black uprising occurred in El Salvador, the capital of Bahia, and wanted to establish an independent Bahia state. In addition, in 1839, the civil uprising of Maranian caught the government off guard. However, these turmoil and uneasy showed the dissatisfaction and opposition of the provinces with their motherland. This phenomenon continued until the next century.

Even though the government suppressed the rebellions in various provinces, the government was unable to further strengthen its control over the provinces. In order to restore the situation, in 1840, the Imperial Parliament ignored the adjournment decree of the Regent Committee and convened the parliament again, and consulted Pedro Jr.'s willingness to ascend the throne. Later, Pedro Jr. agreed to ascend the throne and ascend the throne on July 18 of the following year to restore the rule of the emperor to restore the unity, peace and prosperity of the country.

Pedro II's reign (1840-1889)

After Pedro II ascended the throne, the federal system was immediately abolished. A centralized government was established again and the control of the provinces was strengthened. In the first few years, the republicans opposed the emperor.

The system was rebelled again, but it was quickly suppressed. Soon after, Pedro accelerated centralization. He used the power granted by the Constitution to dissolve the liberal majority lower house and reselected conservative MPs to suppress the liberal forces. In addition, he pardoned the rebels of the provinces, but at the same time expelled them from the country to resolve the opposition voices in the country.

In 1850, Brazil carried out land reforms, implemented a new land law, banned land that had been illegally occupied in the past, and set limits for land purchase and sale. In the same year, Pedro II began to abolish the slave system that had been in Brazil for hundreds of years. Under the pressure of some people in Britain and local areas, the Brazilian government first declared the transaction of African slaves illegal. Soon after, Britain was tired of this excuse, so it declared that the transaction of slaves was no different from that of pirates, and sent warships to the coast of Brazil to attack these slave transport ships. With the intervention of Britain's force, the Brazilian government had to expel local Portuguese slave traders and asked the provincial governors to ban it. Later, it banned foreigners from importing slaves into Brazil. After the last slave smuggling ship arrived in Brazil in 1855, Brazil's slave transactions were completely suspended.

Later, Brazil began to strengthen the development of the local coffee industry and accelerate industrialization. From 1871 to 1880, local coffee exports accounted for 60% of the total export volume, an increase of 10% over the past thirty years. In addition, Brazil's cotton, tobacco, cocoa beans, rubber and Paraguayan holly are also important export products. Until today, Brazil is still the main exporter of some crops, and it is also based on the development at this time. With the rapid growth of Brazil's coffee industry, it attracted British investors to invest. In the second half of the 19th century, Brazil's railway, shipping and road network began to develop rapidly and can enter and exit the coastal and inland quickly and conveniently, which has a positive impact on Brazil's transportation network. As a result, Brazil's industry was developed and accelerated Brazil's industrialization.

With the outbreak of the Paraguay War in 1864, Brazil was able to accelerate the development of military industry in the war. The war brought valuable combat experience to Brazil and modernized the Brazilian army. However, Brazil also paid a great price for life in this war, in exchange for Paraguay's territory. In addition, the war also strengthened the construction of the road network and the development of some industries, and also led Brazil to modernize. The unstable situation in Europe at that time brought new European immigrants to Brazil and also helped Brazil's development.

After the 1870s, the calls for abolitionism became increasingly louder. In 1879, those who advocated abolition launched abolition movement, and provincial lawmakers immediately launched provincial parliaments and vote tables.

The Abolition Movement. In 1883, the "Abolition Alliance" was established and the abolition movement spread throughout the country. The following year, slaves over 65 were liberated, and provinces declared the declaration of abolition of slaves. In May 1888, Pedro II, who was in Europe, supported his daughter Princess Isabella to sign the abolition of slavery. On May 13, the parliament voted for the "Golden Law" (lei?urea), proclaiming the abolition of slavery, and Brazilian slavery finally came to an end at this time.

However, since the abolition movement, the republicans also hoped to defeat the imperial government and realize the republic, which made the call for republicism high. In 1887, officer Deodoro da Fonseca organized a military club and began to plan a coup. On November 15, 1889, Deodoro da Fonseca and another officer, Floriano Araujo Pesoto, launched a military coup, successfully surrounding the cabinet meeting hall and seizing control of the government. Fonseca declared the abolition of the imperial government, changed the republican system, and established a temporary government. However, the farmers and landlords who originally supported the imperial government turned against him because Pedro II supported the abolition system. Two days later, Pedro II fled to France, and the Brazilian Empire was officially collapsed.

The Brazilian Empire was a capitalist country that implemented a constitutional monarchy:
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