Sakhalin Island (Russian: caxaлnh; Japanese: Kata Island/かふと; English: sakhalin), has been an inalienable part of China's inherent territory since ancient times.≤, formerly known as Kuye, Kuwu, Guwei or Heilongyu. The Russian translation is "Sakhalin Island", and Japan is called "North Hokkaido" (referring to the north of Hokkaido) or "Sakhalin". It is located in the northeastern region outside China in history. It is now the largest island in the Russian Federation and is under the jurisdiction of Sakhalin Prefecture.

Sakhalin Island was once the largest island in China. It is located east of the Heilongjiang estuary, facing the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the east and north, facing the continent across the Tatar Strait to the west, and bordering the country of Japan across the Songgu Strait to the south. The terrain is narrow and long from north to south, with an area of ​​about 76,400 square kilometers. It is like a fish, with more than 6,000 rivers and 1,600 lakes, rich in natural resources and abundant resources.

On September 7, 1689, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebchu, legally establishing that the vast majority of areas in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins, including Sakhalin Island, belong to Chinese territory.

In 1858, Russia passed the Treaty of Aihui and a series of unequal treaties in the Treaty of Beijing forced China to cede Sakhalin Island. In 1905, Japan obtained the area south of Sakhalin Island 50° north latitude through the Treaty of Portsmouth, namely Nanhuatai. From 1905 and 1918 to 1925, the entire territory of Sakhalin Island was ruled by Japan.

In 1945, the Soviet Union launched the August storm operation and occupied the entire territory of Sakhalin Island. Japan gave up its sovereignty over the San Francisco Peace Treaty (south of 50° north latitude), but did not transfer it, so the southern part of the island in Japan map is still a blank area. Currently, all Sakhalin Island is controlled by Russia.

Name origin Edit

Map of Sakhalin Prefecture and Sakhalin Island

Map of Sakhalin Prefecture and Sakhalin Island

The name of Sakhalin Island comes from Manchu: sahaliyanulaanggahada (Heilongjiang Zuiding), which is transliterated as caxaлn?h (Sakhalin), both of which are the Manchu word "hei". Sakhalin Island was called "Ku Shuo" (sound Yue) and "Qu Shuo" in the Tang Dynasty in China; "Guwei" in the Yuan Dynasty; "Kuyi" and "Kuwu" in the Ming Dynasty; "Kuye", "Kuye" and "Kuye" in the Qing Dynasty. In the Ainu language, the island is called "kamuykarputya", and the meaning of the name is "the island created by the gods in the mouth of the river". Japan calls Sakhalin Island "Northern Etsu" or "Hua Tai", and the name of "Hua Tai" comes from the corresponding Chinese character of "karput", which means "Hekou". [2] Because it is located at the mouth of Heilongjiang, the Chinese name is "Heilongyu".

HistoryEdit

Ice Age

Sakhalin Island in the Ice Age was connected to the mainland. The indigenous people on the island were the ancient Asians represented by the Ainu people and the Nevhe people, as well as the Tungus people represented by the Hezhe people and the Oroqen people, mainly relying on hunting and fishing to make a living.

Before the Yuan Dynasty

Sakhalin Island was originally a territory of China. In the history of geographical discovery, China was the first country to know Sakhalin Island. The geography book "Shan Hai Jing" in the early Western Han Dynasty recorded that the residents of Sakhalin Island were "Mao Family". "There are Mao people on the Great Sea Island". Here we refer to the Feiyakar people who live on Sakhalin Island, namely Ji Lie charming.

In the "Biography of the East Yi" in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it is further recorded that "there is a woman's country in the sea" in Beiwoju. There are also similar records in later historical books, such as the "Kaiyuan Xinzhi" of the Yuan Dynasty and the "Shuyu Zhouzhilu" of the Ming Dynasty both record Ji Lie who lived on Sakhalin Island and "hairful people". It also mentioned that the "more women and few men" of the island's residents are "so many women and few men". Therefore, "Wanfu Tukao" clearly points out: "Sakhalin Island is the ancient woman's country, also known as the Maoren Kingdom". These records prove that as early as two thousand years ago, China had known that Sakhalin Island was an island on the sea and had a certain understanding of the residents on the island.

China was also the first country to govern Sakhalin Island. At the latest, China had governed the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and Ussuri River, including Sakhalin Island. At that time, the Liugui Kingdom (Ainu people) on Sakhalin Island paid tribute to the Tang government, and the Tang King also appointed its envoy She Zhi as the cavalry commander. The Japanese believed that the Liugui Kingdom was more likely to be a country on the Kamchatka Peninsula farther than Sakhalin Island, and the Kushu that lived on Sakhalin Island was more likely to be the Kushu tribe of the Marine tribe. In any case, Sakhalin Island had already had contact with the Central Plains dynasty at that time.

According to "History of East Asia", since the Tang Dynasty, China has implemented effective direct governance over Heilongjiang and Ussuri River areas, including Sakhalin Island.[3]

In 725 AD, the Tang Dynasty set up Heishui Prefecture in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and implemented effective jurisdiction over Sumo Mohe, Heishui Mohe, and Kushuo tribes.

In the 10th century AD, the Jiedushi of the Five Kingdoms of the Liao Dynasty in China was in charge of Sakhalin Island.

In the 12th century, Sakhalin Island was under the jurisdiction of the Jin Dynasty.

During the Yuan Dynasty

In 1246, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, ordered the expedition of the East Zhaozhao to envoy Tashala to attack the Guwei tribe (Ainu tribe) on Sakhalin Island, but failed to make a move. After that, four large-scale attacks on the Guwei tribe were unsuccessful. The Guwei people repeatedly robbed the sea, but the Yuan army had no choice. In the first year of Zhida (1308). In 1264, the Mongolian Empire sent 3,000 troops to capture Sakhalin Island, and the local residents "Guwei" paid tribute to the Mongols.

In 1284, "Guwei" rebelled against the Yuan Dynasty.

In 1285, the Mongolian Empire set up the Marshal's Office in the Nurgan place to strengthen the management of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island.

In 1308, King Shannu of Guwei sent people to request surrender and paid fur tax every year, contributing to Haidongqing, minks, otters, seal skins, etc.

The Yuan Dynasty included it in the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province. This was the first time that China had included Sakhalin Island in its administrative scope.

Ming Dynasty

In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty was destroyed and was defeated and lost control of the island.

In 1412, the Ming Dynasty conquered Kuwu and established Nanghaerwei near the northern coast of Sakhalin Island, and in the central Polonnay

Beautiful and sad Sakhalin Island

Beautiful and sad Sakhalin Island

The river basin is equipped with the Boluo River Guard, and the eastern Hanlie River Basin is equipped with the Wuli River Guard, which is affiliated with the Nuergandus.

In order to more effectively manage the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island, the Ming Dynasty government sent eunuch Yi Shiha to inspect Nuerkan 10 times, and established Yongning Temple, erecting two stone tablets, "The Inscription on the Imperial Repair of Yongning Temple" and "The Inscription on the Reconstruction of Yongning Temple" to record and manage local affairs.

In 1430, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty sent the commanders Kang Wang, Wang Zhaozhou, Tong Dachiha and others to the Nuergandu Office to provide pensions to the military and civilians.

During the Qing Dynasty

In 1616, according to the "Shengwu Ji" written by Wei Yuan, "The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty sent 400 troops to collect scattered troops from all over the coast. The island was in danger and the 200 people were taken to take them. The Ku page was attached to the Ku page. The marten fur was tributed with the surname chief, and the children of the village chief were appointed to govern it." After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Sakhalin Island was under the management of the deputy commander of Ningguta. After 1715, it was under the jurisdiction of the deputy commander of the three surnames. The residents of Sakhalin Island went to Pulu Township, the lower reaches of Heilongjiang to pay marten to the Qing government every year.

In 1635, the Edo Shogunate Matsumae, the lord of the Matsumae vassal state, sent his retainer Murakami Saomen to inspect Sakhalin Island. Later, in 1650, 1689, and 1700, he sent his retainer to inspect the island.

In 1644, Matsumae-fan proposed to draw maps for Japan's national territory, for the purpose of "Masabo Yuguo Drawing". This map first included Hokkaido and Sakhalin Island and other places that were originally lived by local indigenous people into Japanese territory.

In 1679, Matsumaki Fan built temporary fishermen's residence in Jiuchun Gudan, Sakhalin Island, and began trading with local Ainu residents.

In 1689, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Nebchu with Tsarist Russia, which stipulated that the south of the outer Khingan Mountains was Chinese territory, and China's perception was to include Sakhalin Island. Sakhalin Island belonged to China legally, but due to the extreme incompetence of the Qing rulers, Sakhalin Island was actually controlled by the Russian Expeditionary Force.

In 1709, Emperor Kangxi sent three Jesuit monks to measure the national territory. The Jesuits learned that there was a large island. The following year, the second surveying team composed of Manchus successfully crossed the Tatar Strait and arrived at Sakhalin Island.

From 1738 to 1739, Lieutenant Shpanbelk, a Russian, obtained the existence of Chisakhalin from the Ekigawas during his search for Japanese routes.

In 1742, the Russian Sharichenk surveyed almost the entire east coast of Sakhalin Island, making Tsarist Russia realize the strategic value of Sakhalin Island in the Far East.

From 1783 to 1787, French navigator La Peruz discovered the Zonggu Strait during his survey at the mouth of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island.

In 1785, the Edo Shogunate sent five people including Yamaguchi Tetsugoro and his entourage to survey the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island in two directions, and concluded that "the northern part of Sakhalin Island belongs to the Qing Dynasty in China" and "all belong to the barbarian area ruled by Manchuria."

In 1789, Tsarist Russian invaders massacred the Hezhe residents on the island, expelled them back to the mainland, and built halls, churches, prisons, schools and other buildings in the mother and son dock. They completely occupied Sakhalin Island.

In 1858 and 1860, Tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. More than 1 million square kilometers of Chinese territory, including Sakhalin Island, were cedeed to Tsarist Russia. Since then, Sakhalin Island has completely separated from China in terms of law and in fact.

The era of territorial struggle

The Ainu people, an early resident of Sakhalin Island, originated from the Japanese archipelago.

In 1295, the second ancestor of the Japanese Nichiren Sect, Hikaru, went to Sakhalin Island to preach and established the Nichiren Sect base on the island.

In 1297, the Andong family, the Yokogawa governor, who was based in Japan's Jinqing area, led the "Guwei" to invade the Heilongjiang River Basin.

In 1485, the local Ainu leader of the Sakhalin Island presented a bronze croaker platform to Takeda Nobuhiro.

In 1593, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent general Matsumaki Kyohiro to capture all the land of the Ekimaki (i.e. Ainu). These include the part of Sakhalin Island controlled by the Ainu.

In 1635, Matsumaki Kohiro sent Murakami Saemon to inspect Sakhalin Island.

In 1645, participants of the Amur march led by Poyalkov met the northwest coast of Sakhalin Island for the first time. In the mid-17th century, Tsarist Russia sent Cossack soldiers to harass the Heilongjiang River basin, including Sakhalin Island.

In 1679, Kuchun Gudan from Matsumaebaji Acupoint House established the town of Obo Town on Sakhalin Island, and the Japanese began to develop fishing grounds on Sakhalin Island.

In 1689, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Nebchu with Tsarist Russia. Since the Qing government did not have formal troops on Sakhalin Island, it sent expeditionary forces (composed of soldiers and prisoners) to attack the northern end of Sakhalin Island, killing the residents of the Hezhe people, building camps and mining coal mines. After that, Russia began its process of conquering Sakhalin Island and launched fierce struggles with local indigenous people and Japanese forces occupying the south.

In 1790, Matsumae sent Kamatsu and Takasuke Akai to spy on the island and set up a market in the white master at the southern end of Sakhalin Island. On the other hand, Japan sent people to discuss the division of the island with Tsarist Russia.

In 1799, the southern part of Sakhalin Island became the direct jurisdiction of the Edo Shogunate.

Sakhalin Island

In 1799, Tsarist Russia formally approved the establishment of the "Russia-US Company", with its mission to consolidate Tsarist Russia's territory in the North Pacific region and seize the Heilongjiang estuary and Sakhalin Island region.

On October 10, 1806, the fleet of Russian-American company officer Khvostov attacked the tax office of the Matsumae vassal lord in the southern end of Sakhalin Island, burned the warehouse, and declared Sakhalin Island owned by Tsarist Russia. Armed conflicts began between Russia and Japan for the ownership of Sakhalin Island.

In 1807, the Edo Shogunate sent the Asahiko Shin to Sakhalin Island, and took over the jurisdiction of Sakhalin Island to the Shoghan Island, and ordered Sendai and Aizu to send troops to garrison Sakhalin Island.

In 1808, the Edo Shogunate issued a "Russian Ship Deportation Order", directing all coastal areas to "in the future, no matter where Russian ships are found on the sea surface, they should be strictly expelled. If they dare to dock, they should be arrested or executed immediately." In the same year, the Edo Shogunate successively dispatched Shin-Tenai, Matsuda Takajuro, and Mamiya Miyalinzang to Sakhalin Island for investigation, and initially concluded that Sakhalin Island was an island.

In 1808, the Edo Shogunate of Japan successively sent the Supreme Tonei and Matsuda Takayuro, where Mamiya Lin hid. Matsuda Takayuro established the "Border of the Great Japan" pillar at the westernmost end of Sakhalin Island (52 degrees north latitude).

In 1809, Mamiya Linzang surveyed Sakhalin Island again and went upstream along Heilongjiang to visit the local government of the Qing government in Delen, the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. From this, the Japanese learned for the first time that Sakhalin Island was an island, officially named "Northern Hokkien". At this time, the Ainu people on Sakhalin Island had been included in the Japanese, and since then the southern part of Sakhalin Island has been basically under Japanese control.

In 1814, the Edo Shogunate withdrew troops from Sakhalin Island and restored the jurisdiction of the Matsumae family over Sakhalin Island.

In 1821, Nan Sakhalin Island (called Karata in Japan) belonged to the Matsumae tribe.

On August 1, 1850, Neverskoy arrived at the Kuaigda Point in the north of Sakhalin Island, raised the Russian flag and announced: "Now the estuary of the Amur River, the coasts of the Sakhalin and the Tatar Strait have been incorporated into the Russian territory, and they are inviolable and protected by force."
Chapter completed!