Hou Fangyu, Fang Yizhi, Chen Zhenhui, Mao Pijiang were collectively known as the fourth son of the Ming Fushe, and Wei Xi and Wang Wan were collectively known as the three masters of Wenshu in the early Qing Dynasty. He was indeed very talented. He was originally the son of Hou Xun, the Minister of the Ministry of Revenue of the Ministry of Revenue of the Ming Dynasty, Li Xiangjun, a famous prostitute in Meixianglou on the Qinhuai River. Chen Zhenhui lived in seclusion and released Yilinquan. Fang Yizhi became a monk. Yang Wencong fought against the Qing Dynasty and died for the country. Chen Zilong was in a clear mind. However, Hou Fangyu could not stand the loneliness and participated in the provincial examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi and was only included in the deputy list.

Chen Zhenhui (1604～1656)

Chen Weisong (1625-1682) was a poet of the Qing Dynasty and a writer of parallel prose. His courtesy name was Qi Nian and his pseudonym Jialing. He was from Yixing (now Jiangsu). He was a student of the early Qing Dynasty. In the 18th year of Kangxi (1679), he was appointed as a reviewer of the Hanlin Academy. He participated in the compilation of "History of Ming Dynasty" at the age of 54, and died in Rensou four years later.

Chen Weisong was born in a literary family that emphasizes integrity. His grandfather Chen Yuting was the backbone of the Donglin Party in the late Ming Dynasty. His father Chen Zhenhui was one of the famous "Four Young Masters" at that time. He opposed the "eunuch party" and was persecuted. Chen Weisong was quick to write when he was young, and his poems were brilliant. Wu Weiye once praised him as "Jiangzuo Phoenix". When the Ming Dynasty fell (1644), Chen Weisong was only 20 years old. Although he became a student after entering the Qing Dynasty, he had never obtained an official position for a long time. He had a distant life experience, he ate everywhere and had a wide range of contact with society. Because of his long-standing literary reputation, celebrities such as Wu Weiye, Mao Xiang, Gong Dingzi, Jiang Chenying, Wang Shi□, Shao Changheng, Peng Sun□, etc., all dated him, and they were particularly close to Zhu □zun. When the two were in the capital, they discussed Ci studies and published "Zhu Chencun Ci". In the early Qing Dynasty, Chen and Zhu were ranked together, and Chen was the leader of the "Yangxian School".

Chen Weisong's poems are numerous. There are more than 1,600 poems in the "Huhailou Ci" currently available. The style is bold and unrestrained, close to the Su and Xin School of the Song Dynasty. Jiang Jingqi's "Preface to the Collection of Cises" by Chen Jingqi said: "Those who read the poems of Mr. Su thought that Su and Xin Ke were Zhou and Qin Ke were Wen and Wei Ke, and the articles of "Left", "Guo", "History", "Han", "Tang and Song dynasties" could also be written...... The scheming is not one, the creation is not one, the passion is erotic, and the touch is aroused, but they must all be brewed and then released." Although it is considered exaggerated, Chen Weisong mainly uses boldness and unrestrained works and has a halal and elegant work, which is a fact. What is even more rare is that Chen Weisong's various styles are well written. Chen Tingzhuo's "Bai Yuzhai Ci" "The lyricists at the beginning of the country have definitely regarded Jialing as a giant." "The lyricists are extremely bold, with strong bones and strong bones. The richness of writing lyrics is invincible in ancient and modern times." The most valuable thing in "Huhailou Ci" is to be able to pay attention to reflect social reality. For example, "He Xinlang" "The lyrics of the Qing army recruited 100,000 civilians to pull on warships, "the storm of the county is a sudden rain", which makes "the lyrics of the left and the left", and also writes about the "real secrets of the "sickness of the people" and the "sickness of the woman in the grass", and the situation is miserable. [Nanxiangzi] "Miscellaneous Songs of Jiangnan" reveals the crime of the government knocking on the hard-working people: "Housemen's door stalls", which makes farmers who sell houses and pay taxes "stay alone in the ox cart and dripping autumn rain", while the officials' evil is "like ghosts". In addition, I often write about my own talent and the rise and fall of the country, such as [Dian Jiang Li] "Stay at Night in Lin □ Post", [Drunk and Falling] "Ode to the Eagle", [Night Travel to the Palace] "Four Poems of Autumn", [Summer First Land] "Original Idea", [Qinyuanchun] "Gift Farewell to Mr. Zhilu, I use his title (Wu Si Ci) Rhyme", etc., which hurts the times and is bold and desolate. [Qinyuanchun] "Inscription Xu Weiwen (Picture of Plum Blossoms in Zhongshan) Tongyunchen, Nan Geng, Jing Shaofu" lyrics, which include historical facts, new things in front of you, pictures and scenery, and the author's heart is all included in the poem. Chen Tingzhuo's "Bai Yuzhai Ci" commented: "The love and lyrics are both successful, and the bone rhymes are high, and it is very combined with Su, Xin, Zhou, and Jiang." This shows that Chen Weisong can do it. The same style is combined with the same furnace, and can express it freely. In addition, [Nian Nujiao] "Reading the Poems of Qu Wengshan" is majestic and magnificent, and has a lot of interest. [Duoling of Tang Dynasty] "Spring Down, the Little Pond in the Small Pond in the Spring Down" is easy to use and spoken words; it also shows that he can use a variety of artistic techniques. [Wang Jiangnan], [Nanxiangzi] and other words form a fresh style to describe the scenery and social life of Jiangnan and Henan; [Die Lianhua] "June Ci" describes the mood of farmers entering the city; [He Xinlang] "Gived to Su □sheng" describes the experience of artists, and these words also show the characteristics of Chen Weisong's poems. The disadvantage of Chen Weisong's poems is that they sometimes pour too much, and they are missing the remaining contents. They are a little rash.

Chen Weisong is also able to write poetry, but his achievements are not as good as his lyrics and parallel prose. His parallel prose was also a great master in the early Qing Dynasty. Mao Xianshu wrote a preface for him, rated it as "the strange thing of a dragon jumping and a tiger lying", "the result of singing and moving pauses"; Mao Ji can write a preface, rated it as "When romance is singing and crying, and narrative is seen at the beginning of the day. As for the road is over, I suddenly open a realm, like a mountain, like falling a valley...". "Writes to Mr. Zhilu", "Preface to Yu Hongke's Ancient Poems of Jinling", "Preface to Cangwu Ci", etc., are all written in a turbulent and tragic way, with strong

An essayist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, whose courtesy name was Dingsheng, was from Yixing (now Jiangsu Province). He was a student in the late Ming Dynasty and was the second-ranked deputy to the provincial examination. His father, Chen Yuting, a member of the Donglin Party, and an official at the Left Censor. Zhenhui was also a member of the Fushe Society. His article style was famous at the time. He was collectively known as the "Four Princess" with Mao Xiang, Hou Fangyu, and Fang Yizhi. He once discussed with Wu Yingji and Gu Gao to oppose Ruan Dacheng. Wu drafted the "Edict on the Remaining of the Rebellion" and posted it in Nanjing, which was hated by Ruan. During the Hongguang Dynasty in the Southern Ming Dynasty, he was persecuted by Ruan and was once imprisoned. He did not serve in the Qing Dynasty and lived in seclusion in his hometown. He did not enter the city for more than ten years. Chen Zhenhui's articles were graceful and elegant, and he was also good at both parallel and scattered styles. He recorded and commemorated the "Qingliu" and the martyrs in the late Ming Dynasty, and mostly expressed his thoughts on his homeland. He also wrote the first volume of "The Painful History" and "The History of the Chinese Civil and Foreign Disasters" and included a collection of "Seven Things Crossing the River", which specifically recorded historical events of the Hongguang Dynasty, and also titled the works of the Chen family.

He has written "Snow Cen Collection", "Huang Ming Yulin", "Shanyang Lu", "Seven Notes on Calligraphy", "Autumn Garden Miscellaneous Pairs", etc.; the last three types are included in "The Suicides of Taicang Ancient Sages", collectively known as "Three Suicides of Mr. Chen Dingsheng".

Fang Yizhi

Fang Yizhi

Fang Yizhi (1611-1671), whose courtesy name was Mizhi, his pseudonym was Mangong, and his pseudonym was Luqi, Fushan Yuzhe, etc., and he also had many other nicknames. He was an outstanding thinker, philosopher, and scientist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

Fang Yizhi was from Fengyili, Tongcheng County, Anqing Prefecture (now belonging to Tongyang County, Anhui Province), and was born in a noble family. His grandfather Fang Dazhen was once the Zuo Shaoqing of Dali Temple in the Wanli Dynasty, and he was in charge of the Book of Changes and the Book of Rites, and wrote about Hongfu. His father Fang Kongqi was a Jinshi in the 44th year of Wanli. He was appointed as the governor of Huguang in the Chongzhen Dynasty. He was proficient in medicine, geography, and military. He has works such as "A Brief Record of the Border" and "The Times of the Zhou Yi", and has biography of "History of Ming Dynasty". Fang Yizhi has adhered to family studies since childhood. , received traditional Confucian education, and once followed his father to travel to Jiading, Sichuan, Funing, Hebei, Beijing and other places. He saw famous mountains and rivers, and lived in Jinghua, and read Western books. He had a lot of knowledge. After becoming an adult, he traveled to Jianghuai, Wu and Yue, visited many books, read a lot of books, and made friends and associations. He once joined Chen Zhenhui, Wu Yingji, Hou Fangyu and others to reunite the society, and judged the people and satirized the court. He was known as the "Four Young Masters", and was famous for his articles.

In the 13th year of Chongzhen (1640), Fang Yizhi became a Jinshi and served as a reviewer of the Hanlin Academy. In the 17th year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng's peasant army invaded Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. Fang Yizhi cried bitterly in front of Chongzhen spirit and was captured by the peasant army. He managed to escape and ran back to Nanjing. The enemy Ruan Dacheng controlled the government of Hongguang in the Southern Ming Dynasty. He was persecuted and fled Nanjing in disguise and wandered in Lingnan and Guangdong and Guangxi, making a living by selling medicine. When the Qing army marched south in a large scale, he contacted the Southeast to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Force resistance. In 1650, the Qing army captured Pingle, Guangxi, and Fang Yizhi was arrested. He was steadfast and unyielding. The Qing generals were moved by his justice and allowed him to become a monk. After being released, he changed his clothes to become a monk, changed his name to Hongzhi, with his name Wuke, and his other name was Dazhi, Yaodi, Fushan, Master Yuzhe, etc. In his later years, he settled in Qingyuan Mountain, Luling, Jiangxi, and called himself the old man Jiwan. In the winter of the tenth year of Kangxi (1671), Fang Yizhi was arrested for other matters and sent to Guangdong, passing through Wan'an, Jiangxi, and died in a boat due to gangrene.

Fang Yizhi loved natural science knowledge. After reading in school, he loved to be exhausted by physics. He once said, "I am not filial and wisdom, and I have the extreme essence of things." (Volume 5 of "Small Knowledge of Physics") During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Western learning spread to the east. Fang Yizhi adhered to family education while learning from the Book of Changes. On the other hand, he had extensive contact with missionaries to learn Western learning. After tireless efforts, he finally achieved great achievements in both philosophy and science, and reached a considerable height.

Fang Yizhi was very knowledgeable. The legend of "Draft History of Qing Dynasty": "With wisdom, he has different roots, and can recite the history of 15 groups of classics and zis in the age of 15 years. He has extensive knowledge and knowledge, from astronomy, geography, rituals, music, law, sound, words, calligraphy, painting, medicine, and skills, all of which can examine their origins and analyze their purpose." This evaluation is not excessive. He has his own unique insights in many fields. For example, in terms of academic classification, he divided academics into three categories, saying:

"The study of the family of heaven and earth, the numbers, rules and calendars, sounds, and medicine are all the principles of quality and physics. If you are dedicated to governing teachings, you will be responsible for reason. If you are dedicated to the number of things, you will be the ultimate principle of things." ("Tongya-Article-Article")

Among these three academics, he talked more about the translation and quality test. He said:

"The aggregate of silence and feeling deeply, and it is called the main point; because things have their own reasons, they are actually investigated. It is large and natural, small and plants are stupid, and they are similar to their nature, conjure their likes and dislikes, and recommend their constant changes. This is called quality measurement." ("Small Physics-Preface")

It can be seen that the so-called "Tongji" is a discussion of the fundamental reasons for things, while quality measurement requires down-to-earth investigation of the causes of changes in things, sorting and classification according to characteristics, summarizing and verifying known laws, and predicting future development and changes. Obviously, "Tongji" and "Qiji" are classifications made from research purposes and research methods. In China, this classification is the original creation of Fang Yizhi.

In astronomy, Fang Yizhi combined traditional Chinese astronomy with Western astronomy introduced by missionaries at that time to discuss the theory of geocentricity, the theory of the Nine Heavens, the theory of yellow equator, the precession, stars, solar and lunar eclipse, calendar and other astronomy issues. He attached great importance to Western astronomy knowledge and often tracked the latest progress in Western astronomy. For example, when he discussed the orbit of celestial bodies, he once proposed the correct guess that Venus and Mercury orbited the sun based on the fact that the West used a telescope to observe the sky and found that Venus had circumference changes.

Fang Yizhi accepted Western scientific knowledge, not blindly following, but through his own careful thinking and digestion. For example, he first examined the observational evidence on which the earthly circle theory relied, and then accepted it. He refuted the wrong statements of the missionary. For example, the missionary once said that the radius of the sun is more than 160 times the radius of the earth, and the sun is only more than 16 million miles away from the earth. Fang Yizhi pointed out that this is wrong, because based on this calculation (it is determined that the circumference of the earth is about 90,000 miles), the diameter of the sun is nearly one-third of the distance between the sun and the earth, which is obviously impossible. He used his "light, fat, shadow, and thin" theory to explain this problem, pointing out that the sun's circle surface seen by human eyes is larger than the actual luminous body, so the measurements made by geometric methods are not accurate. His theory was later accepted by the author of "Li Xiang Ke Cheng".

In physics, Fang Yizhi has many more creative ideas. He proposed a simple theory of light fluctuation based on the unilateral view of qi and naturalness, believing that:

"The Qi condenses into a form and emits light and sound, and there is still air that has not condensed in shape and swings and sucks with it. Therefore, the use of the shape stops at its division, while the use of the light and sound often overflows the rest: the Qi has no gaps and it turns into each other." (Volume 1 of "Small Knowledge of Physics")

Obviously, Fang Yizhi believes that the generation of light is due to the excitation of qi. Since qi spreads in all spaces and has no gaps between them, the excited qi must interact with the surrounding static qi, "sucking and sucking" to transmit the excitation, which forms the propagation of light. Therefore, what Fang Yizhi described is a simple theory of light fluctuation. In order to distinguish it from the electromagnetic fluctuation theory of modern light, it can be called the qi-light fluctuation theory.

From the perspective of the fluctuation of gas and light, Fang Yizhi further proposed the idea that light does not go straight. He called it light fat and shadow thin, believing that during the propagation process, light always invades the shadow range of geometric optics, so that the light area is expanded and the shadow area is reduced. He also pointed out that due to the existence of light fat and shadow thin phenomenon, the results obtained by measurements based on the direct progression of light are inaccurate. He said:

"The object is obstructed by the shape, and its shadow is easy to end. Sound and light often overflow the number of objects. Sound cannot be seen, light can be seen, but measurement cannot be accurate." (Volume 1 of "Small Knowledge of Physics")

In order to confirm his point of view, he also conducted small hole imaging experiments and tried to use his own theory to explain common optical phenomena. All of these are very new in the history of the development of physics.

In addition, his descriptions of the reflection and refraction of light, the occurrence, propagation, reflection, sound insulation effect of sound, dispersion, coking, specific gravity, magnetic effect, etc. are ahead of his contemporaries.

In biomedical science, Fang Yizhi also has many points worth mentioning. In his book "Small Physical Knowledge", he recorded a large number of ecological contents and knowledge of animals and plants, cultivation, management, etc. He quoted the missionaries' "brain masters thinking" and introduced their knowledge about human skeletons, muscles, etc., but eliminated the contents of "the Almighty God created the world" as mentioned by the missionaries. He himself has been well-researched on traditional medicine and has written a variety of medical works. Unfortunately, these works are not passed down from generation to generation, and it is difficult for us to get a glimpse of the whole picture.

Fang Yizhi wrote many works in his life, with more than 100 kinds. Among them, the most popular ones are "Tongya" and "Physical Knowledge". The former is a comprehensive noun collection, and the latter is a note. His scientific insights are mainly concentrated in this book. His later representative works are "Yaodi Cannon Village" and "Xingxia Jun", both of which are philosophical works, and some very important philosophical propositions are proposed in the book. Among his works, there are "Fushan Collection", "Boyi Collection", "Yi Yu", "Yi Constant Questions and Answers", "Chechuangyuanyuan", "Flowering Grass", "The Pictures of the Zhou Yi", "Natural Reason", "Learn Yi Gangzong", "School of the Sons of the Son", "Four Rhymes and Determination", "Inner Classics", "Medical Huitong", etc. There are more than 20 kinds of them.

Hou Fangyu (1618-1654), good at ancient Chinese, respected the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and had the "Zhuanghuitang Collection". His prose often melted the techniques of Ban, Ma, Han, European ancient Chinese and legendary novels into a furnace, forming a fresh and strange style, and was particularly famous for biographical prose. "Biography of Li Ji" praised Li Xiangjun, a famous prostitute in Qinhuai in the late Ming Dynasty, who distinguished right from wrong, and did not attach to the noble character. Li Xiangjun, who wrote noble character, chivalrous and wise, was vivid and vivid on paper; at the same time, he also wrote about the negative character Ruan Dacheng and others, both of which were colorful and vivid. The text was concise, the narrative was clear, the plot was tortuous, and the characteristics of short stories. The playwright Kong Shangren later borrowed the theme of "Biography of Li Ji" to create the opera "Peach Blossom Fan".

The three writers of "literati's writings", Hou, Wei and Wang, were called "Three Great Masters in the Early Qing Dynasty". Among them, Hou Fangyu's prose is more prominent.

The hero Hou Fangyu in the famous drama "Peach Blossom Fan" created by Kong Shangren in the early Qing Dynasty was from Shangqiu. Hou Fangyu's courtesy name was Chaozong and a famous writer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Hou Fangyu was knowledgeable and remembered. He was defeated by criticizing current affairs during the exam. When he was in Nanjing, he met Li Xiangjun, a famous prostitute in Qinhuai. The two fell in love at first sight and became a lover. Later, in order to avoid the pursuit of the remnants of the eunuch party, he broke up with Li Xiangjun. When someone forced Xiangjun to remarry, Xiangjun held a fan he gave when he was in love with Hou Fangyu.

After committing suicide, blood splattered on the fan. The famous painter Yang Longyou was moved by Xiangjun's true feelings and drew peach blossoms on the fan on the blood dots, which became the "pig flower fan" that was famous for its later generations. After experiencing displaced, Hou Fangyu returned home and built the "Zhuanghui Hall" to achieve his "repentance in his prime". From then on, he devoted himself to poetry and prose creation, and achieved "Zhuanghui Hall Collection" and "Siyi Hall Poem Collection". Li Xiangjun later came to Hou Fangyu and was buried in Shangqiu after his death. There was the "Xiangjun Tomb" in the south of the ancient city of Shangqiu.

1611-1693 AD), whose courtesy name was Pijiang and his pseudonym Chaomin, was a writer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He was born in a family of officials from Rugao City for generations. When he was young, he followed his grandfather's office and changed his thoughts violently. The next year, he returned from a salt official to his hometown to live in seclusion. Dong Xiaowan and

Mao Pijiang

Dong Xiaowan and Mao Pijiang

Let’s explore the life of Dong Xiaowan and Mao Pijiang, a talented couple, in the Shuihui Garden after marriage. The Shuihui Garden is a famous garden in Rugao and is a ancestral property in Mao Pijiang. It is a large scale, with green trees, exquisitely built buildings and pavilions, and small bridges and flowing water everywhere. It seems that the Mao family, who have been officials for generations, is one of the few rich people in the local area.

Xu Chen, the former president of the Water Painting Garden who accompanied the interview, was a member of the Nantong Municipal CPPCC and a local history expert. He studied Mao Pijiang and Dong Xiaowan for 30 years. He said: "The water Painting Garden I see now covers an area of ​​more than 70 acres, but it is only part of the water Painting Garden in the Ming Dynasty. It is a part of the water Painting Garden that has been preserved after wars and changes in the times." Next to the Water Painting Garden, there is a grand Ming Dynasty building called "Shui Ming Tower", which was built by the salt merchant in the Qing Dynasty to commemorate Mao Pijiang. A large salt merchant built such a magnificent memorial for Mao Pijiang, a civilian, which shows that his status in the minds of Jiangsu salt merchants is quite noble.

"Shuiminglou" is now a Rugao City Museum.

6 provincial examinations failed

Mao Pijiang's ancestor was a brave and warlike Mongolian cavalry officer. He came to the Central Plains from the Mongolian desert around the 13th century. According to expert research, Mao Pijiang's ancestors were also descendants of the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty. He managed 24 salt fields in northern Jiangsu, equivalent to the "Salt Transportation Envoy of the Lianghuai" in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang raised an army to drive the Mongols back to the depths of the desert. Mao Pijiang's ancestors got along well with the Han people. Under the persuasion of his close friend Guo Tongfu, he did not return to the Mongolian grasslands, but stayed in Rugao, Jiangsu, and joined the Han family and changed his surname to Mao, studied Confucian culture, and became a completely Han-like Mongolian. Mao Pijiang's grandfather was named Mao Mengling, who was a Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty. He served as the magistrate of Fengdu, Sichuan, Huichang County, and Ningzhou, Yunnan.

The mansion loved his grandson Mao Pijiang very much and took him with him when he was two years old. Mao Mengling had a good friend, Guo Zizhang, the Minister of War of the Ming Dynasty. When he came to visit, he met Mao Pijiang. He liked this little boy with a treacherous and smart and lively name him Mao Xiang, hoping that he could help the world, with his name Pijiang, and hoped that he could expand territory for the country. Mao Pijiang's father was named Mao Qizong, and was a Jinshi in the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty. He served as the deputy envoy of Shandong Censorship and the prefect of Hengyang, Hunan, and supervised the transportation of seven provinces. Mao Pijiang lived in such a family of officials. He received strict Confucian education since he was a child and wrote very well in poetry, but his official career was too memorable. He went to Nanjing for the provincial examination six times and failed the exams every time.

A couple who can endure loneliness

In 1643, 20-year-old Dong Xiaowan married Mao Pijiang and came to Rugao Water Painting Garden with her husband. After Dong Xiaowan married into Rugao, she no longer lived a life of a famous prostitute with a bright light, a lot of guests, and was sought after by people. She was not a "rich wife" and a noble lady with a "young grandmother" life. She pretended to be elegant and devoted to being a good woman. But the good times did not last long, the country was destroyed, and the family was destroyed, and the sufferings of war and displaced one after another

It fell on this weak woman. In the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1645 AD), the Qing soldiers marched south in large numbers. Dong Xiaowan followed Mao Pijiang to escape the war and was displaced and went through all the hardships. When she passed through Ma'anshan, Anhui, her luggage and property were robbed by chaos soldiers. More than 20 servants and servants were killed. When Dong Xiaowan returned to the Shuihui Garden, the Mao family had fallen sharply. Mao Pijiang was seriously ill again. Dong Xiaowan was in great pain at this time.

Mao Pijiang also suffered pain and torture. His political desire to curb the decline of the Ming Dynasty was completely shattered. He was a man with a strong national integrity and would rather live indifferently for the rest of his life. The reporter saw in the Shuihui Garden that Mao Pijiang's living room was called "Yimozhai", which means that he would remain silent and not be involved in the Qing Dynasty, and he seemed extremely backbone. In his later years, Mao Pijiang's life became even more poor, so poor that he sold words and exchanged wine. He wrote in his "Authority": "I am alone in a humble alley, but I still can't put down my scrolls, and I am entertained with a proud and proud manner. I write thousands of small fly heads under the lamp every night, and I am very clear-headed wine."

Dong Xiaowan was indifferent and lived a poor and secluded life with Mao Pijiang. Both of them could withstand loneliness. Mao Pijiang could only spend his whole life in loneliness, and Dong Xiaowan also became ill in loneliness and died early at the age of 28.

Dong Xiaowan is lucky

How to evaluate the married life of the talented couple Mao Pijiang and Dong Xiaowan? Xu Chen, former director of Shuihuiyuan, said: "Mao Pijiang and Dong Xiaowan spent their lives in loneliness, but were admired by the world. Wang Zhiheng, a great salt merchant in the Qing Dynasty, built a "Shuiming Building" for Mao Pijiang, which is a clear proof that many contemporary writers have written many nostalgic works for Mao Pijiang and Dong Xiaowan, which shows how good they are. Dong Xiaowan married to Rugao and suffered a series of sufferings, but these misfortunes were caused by major social changes and were misfortunes brought about by the destruction of the country and the destruction of the family, and Dong Xiaowan could not avoid it. Among the eight beauties of Qinhuai, Dong Xiaowan was lucky, much better than Chen Yuanyuan, Li Xiangjun, Liu Rushi, and Kou Baimen."

In the "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai", Dong Xiaowan was accepted by her husband's family as a brothel. She was not only not discriminated or excluded, but also respected her very much. This was lucky. In feudal society, the status of prostitutes was humble and lowly, and prostitutes could not be accepted by a large family with strict etiquette and law. Li Xiangjun, one of the "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai", was rejected by the Hou family when she returned to Shangqiu with her husband. Hou Chaozong and Li Xiangjun fell in love with her in Nanjing, and they were unable to protect Li Xiangjun as soon as they returned to their hometown. Dong Xiaowan

It's different. Her mother-in-law likes her very much. Mao Pijiang's wife Su Yuanfang is not jealous of her beauty, does not despise her brothel origin, can live in harmony and respect each other. Mao Pijiang does not abandon Dong Xiaowan in the beginning and end, and his feelings are consistent. This is fully expressed in his "Mei Ying'an Memories" written by him, and he praises her wisdom and virtues, saying that his life's blessings have been enjoyed in the nine years of life with Dong Xiaowan. Dong Xiaowan was praised by famous scholars and his reputation was passed down, which is also lucky.

Nowadays, people in Rugao still miss Dong Xiaowan. They launched a kind of "tiger skin meat" in the restaurant, which is called "Dong meat" by Rugao people. They are a delicacy invented by Dong Xiaowan. A kind of crispy candy is sold on the streets. The people in Rugao people call it "Dong Tang", which is also Dong Xiaowan's invention.

The more the story is, the more magical

Some writers Zhang Guan missed and moved flowers and wood to tease Dong Xiaowan's story repeatedly. The more they made up, the more magical he became, and finally became the favorite concubine of Emperor Shunzhi, named Dong Efei, and performed a passionate love story with Emperor Shunzhi. Xu Chen said: "This is a writer's joke. From a historical perspective, there is no basis. Dong Xiaowan and Dong Efei are two women who have no connection with each other. Dong Efei is a Manchu, the daughter of E Shuo, the minister of Inner Mongolia. He was born in 1638 and later became Shun.

The concubine of Emperor Zhi was so in love that they were both in love. Emperor Shunzhi performed a live drama of not wanting beauty. Concubine Dong E died in 1660, and there was a clear record in "Biography of Concubines of Qing Dynasty". Dong Xiaowan was a Han Chinese born in Suzhou and raised in Nanjing. She was born in 1624 and died in 1651. In her memoirs, Mao Pijiang made detailed records of her acquaintance with Dong Xiaowan, married, suffered, and finally died of illness. This is the most convincing evidence.
Chapter completed!